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As far as lockdep is concerned, > kfree() can't be called under a raw_spinlock_t on any kernel: once the > per-CPU sheaf is full, SLUB takes barn->lock, a spinlock_t, and > PROVE_RAW_LOCK_NESTING flags that whether or not PREEMPT_RT is set. You are right. Thanks for tracking it down to barn->lock. [...] > The cost is a grace period of delay before freeing descriptors that > never installed a proxy. I'd take that over a wait-type override > around the !PREEMPT_RT kfree(), since it also removes the RT/!RT split. Agreed. The next version will free every heap descriptor with kfree_rcu(). This includes the old descriptor that a grow replaces. A grow can run with GFP_ATOMIC under a raw spinlock too. The descriptors of the per-CPU pool, which the list operations will use, never go back to the slab allocator. One that installed no proxy returns to its pool at once, without the grace period. Updating the comments and commit messages you listed is planned too. The atomic-context test (patch 10) will reproduce your splat when kfree() is put back. See my reply there. Thanks, Mathieu -- Mathieu Desnoyers EfficiOS Inc. https://www.efficios.com