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In the read scenario, using uncached buffer I/O results in more stable read performance and a lower load on the background memory reclaim thread (kswapd). However, in the write scenario, it appears that uncached buffer I/O may not be suitable for F2FS. This is because F2FS calls folio_end_writeback in the softirq context, as discussed in [2]. Read test data without using uncached buffer I/O: reading bs 32768, uncached 0   1s: 1856MB/sec, MB=1856   2s: 1907MB/sec, MB=3763   3s: 1830MB/sec, MB=5594   4s: 1745MB/sec, MB=7333   5s: 1829MB/sec, MB=9162   6s: 1903MB/sec, MB=11075   7s: 1878MB/sec, MB=12942   8s: 1763MB/sec, MB=14718   9s: 1845MB/sec, MB=16549  10s: 1915MB/sec, MB=18481  11s: 1831MB/sec, MB=20295  12s: 1750MB/sec, MB=22066  13s: 1787MB/sec, MB=23832  14s: 1913MB/sec, MB=25769  15s: 1898MB/sec, MB=27668  16s: 1795MB/sec, MB=29436  17s: 1812MB/sec, MB=31248  18s: 1890MB/sec, MB=33139  19s: 1880MB/sec, MB=35020  20s: 1754MB/sec, MB=36810 08:36:26      UID       PID    %usr %system  %guest   %wait    %CPU   CPU  Command 08:36:27        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:28        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:29        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:30        0        93    0.00   56.00    0.00    0.00   56.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:31        0        93    0.00   73.00    0.00    0.00   73.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:32        0        93    0.00   83.00    0.00    0.00   83.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:33        0        93    0.00   75.00    0.00    0.00   75.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:34        0        93    0.00   81.00    0.00    0.00   81.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:35        0        93    0.00   54.00    0.00    1.00   54.00     2  kswapd0 08:36:36        0        93    0.00   61.00    0.00    0.00   61.00     0  kswapd0 08:36:37        0        93    0.00   68.00    0.00    0.00   68.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:38        0        93    0.00   53.00    0.00    0.00   53.00     2  kswapd0 08:36:39        0        93    0.00   82.00    0.00    0.00   82.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:40        0        93    0.00   77.00    0.00    0.00   77.00     1  kswapd0 08:36:41        0        93    0.00   74.00    0.00    1.00   74.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:42        0        93    0.00   71.00    0.00    0.00   71.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:43        0        93    0.00   78.00    0.00    0.00   78.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:44        0        93    0.00   85.00    0.00    0.00   85.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:45        0        93    0.00   83.00    0.00    0.00   83.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:46        0        93    0.00   70.00    0.00    0.00   70.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:47        0        93    0.00   78.00    0.00    1.00   78.00     2  kswapd0 08:36:48        0        93    0.00   81.00    0.00    0.00   81.00     3  kswapd0 08:36:49        0        93    0.00   54.00    0.00    0.00   54.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:50        0        93    0.00   76.00    0.00    0.00   76.00     1  kswapd0 08:36:51        0        93    0.00   75.00    0.00    0.00   75.00     0  kswapd0 08:36:52        0        93    0.00   73.00    0.00    0.00   73.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:53        0        93    0.00   61.00    0.00    1.00   61.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:54        0        93    0.00   80.00    0.00    0.00   80.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:55        0        93    0.00   64.00    0.00    0.00   64.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:56        0        93    0.00   56.00    0.00    0.00   56.00     7  kswapd0 08:36:57        0        93    0.00   26.00    0.00    0.00   26.00     2  kswapd0 08:36:58        0        93    0.00   24.00    0.00    1.00   24.00     3  kswapd0 08:36:59        0        93    0.00   22.00    0.00    1.00   22.00     3  kswapd0 08:37:00        0        93    0.00   15.84    0.00    0.00   15.84     3  kswapd0 08:37:01        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     3  kswapd0 08:37:02        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     3  kswapd0 Read test data after using uncached buffer I/O: reading bs 32768, uncached 1   1s: 1863MB/sec, MB=1863   2s: 1903MB/sec, MB=3766   3s: 1860MB/sec, MB=5627   4s: 1864MB/sec, MB=7491   5s: 1860MB/sec, MB=9352   6s: 1854MB/sec, MB=11206   7s: 1874MB/sec, MB=13081   8s: 1874MB/sec, MB=14943   9s: 1840MB/sec, MB=16798  10s: 1849MB/sec, MB=18647  11s: 1863MB/sec, MB=20511  12s: 1798MB/sec, MB=22310  13s: 1897MB/sec, MB=24207  14s: 1817MB/sec, MB=26025  15s: 1893MB/sec, MB=27918  16s: 1917MB/sec, MB=29836  17s: 1863MB/sec, MB=31699  18s: 1904MB/sec, MB=33604  19s: 1894MB/sec, MB=35499  20s: 1907MB/sec, MB=37407 08:38:00      UID       PID    %usr %system  %guest   %wait    %CPU   CPU  Command 08:38:01        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     4  kswapd0 08:38:02        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     4  kswapd0 08:38:03        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     4  kswapd0 08:38:04        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     4  kswapd0 08:38:05        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     4  kswapd0 08:38:06        0        93    0.00    1.00    0.00    1.00    1.00     0  kswapd0 08:38:07        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  kswapd0 08:38:08        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  kswapd0 08:38:09        0        93    0.00    1.00    0.00    0.00    1.00     1  kswapd0 08:38:10        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     1  kswapd0 08:38:11        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     1  kswapd0 08:38:12        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     1  kswapd0 08:38:13        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     1  kswapd0 08:38:14        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     1  kswapd0 08:38:15        0        93    0.00    3.00    0.00    0.00    3.00     0  kswapd0 08:38:16        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  kswapd0 08:38:17        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  kswapd0 08:38:18        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  kswapd0 08:38:19        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  kswapd0 08:38:20        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  kswapd0 08:38:21        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  kswapd0 08:38:22        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  kswapd0 08:38:23        0        93    0.00    3.00    0.00    0.00    3.00     4  kswapd0 08:38:24        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     4  kswapd0 08:38:25        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     4  kswapd0 08:38:26        0        93    0.00    4.00    0.00    0.00    4.00     3  kswapd0 08:38:27        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     3  kswapd0 08:38:28        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     3  kswapd0 08:38:29        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     3  kswapd0 08:38:30        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     3  kswapd0 08:38:31        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     3  kswapd0 08:38:32        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     3  kswapd0 08:38:33        0        93    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     3  kswapd0 [1] https://pastebin.com/u8eCBzB5 [2] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20241220154831.1086649-10-axboe@kernel.dk/T/#m0dff9e4f79c95a75c6b2cf202bc9d3d6f4559723 Thanks, Qi >> [1] >> https://lore.kernel.org/all/20241220154831.1086649-10-axboe@kernel.dk/T/#m58520a94b46f543d82db3711453dfc7bb594b2b0 >> >> Signed-off-by: Qi Han >> --- >> fs/f2fs/file.c | 2 +- >> 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) >> >> diff --git a/fs/f2fs/file.c b/fs/f2fs/file.c >> index 696131e655ed..d8da1fc2febf 100644 >> --- a/fs/f2fs/file.c >> +++ b/fs/f2fs/file.c >> @@ -5425,5 +5425,5 @@ const struct file_operations f2fs_file_operations = { >> .splice_read = f2fs_file_splice_read, >> .splice_write = iter_file_splice_write, >> .fadvise = f2fs_file_fadvise, >> - .fop_flags = FOP_BUFFER_RASYNC, >> + .fop_flags = FOP_BUFFER_RASYNC | FOP_DONTCACHE, >> };