From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Received: from foss.arm.com (foss.arm.com [217.140.110.172]) by smtp.subspace.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4BCC434B410; Mon, 16 Mar 2026 11:32:35 +0000 (UTC) Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; arc=none smtp.client-ip=217.140.110.172 ARC-Seal:i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1773660756; cv=none; b=LY47oH72YXmq4wWbIJ92tFmipzWBwyHEoBVAAqJ9THI6LQykf7/IgqcmGeL3yLzt+H8m+TvZe2Qrx8XHb2CJZGzYPqIhCXqzM3aU0YPGXW2PFh58j0cCQIBOiAGhe3z543R9SP3iitiderJcJSlVRg03pjKSMGmF7ID0QlVd9ZA= ARC-Message-Signature:i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1773660756; c=relaxed/simple; bh=91espRvFlRdUlGWv9mAO1VwCJ/vHTPSkGHxBVib2v2Q=; h=From:To:Cc:Subject:Date:Message-ID:In-Reply-To:References: MIME-Version; b=NXq6XbBFqF06j1JBHyonnxssDcIz8vOTAIDuTwHsDrpHGHHxeFsGf5cvVbmPHHVZAunnS+Y/ni6Cl3lYB+S7/dUKFsyinuJP3QhnOTBfZSgt39ERjBiUD2tPF+6vVCQdfv6kgMmTty0zl5ttxby25zkSisw72pjFnq6v0WJWyI0= ARC-Authentication-Results:i=1; smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dmarc=pass (p=none dis=none) header.from=arm.com; spf=pass smtp.mailfrom=arm.com; arc=none smtp.client-ip=217.140.110.172 Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dmarc=pass (p=none dis=none) header.from=arm.com Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; spf=pass smtp.mailfrom=arm.com Received: from usa-sjc-imap-foss1.foss.arm.com (unknown [10.121.207.14]) by usa-sjc-mx-foss1.foss.arm.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id A58EB1477; Mon, 16 Mar 2026 04:32:28 -0700 (PDT) Received: from e142334-100.cambridge.arm.com (e142334-100.cambridge.arm.com [10.1.194.63]) by usa-sjc-imap-foss1.foss.arm.com (Postfix) with ESMTPA id 492693F778; Mon, 16 Mar 2026 04:32:32 -0700 (PDT) From: Muhammad Usama Anjum To: Andrew Morton , David Hildenbrand , Lorenzo Stoakes , "Liam R. Howlett" , Vlastimil Babka , Mike Rapoport , Suren Baghdasaryan , Michal Hocko , Brendan Jackman , Johannes Weiner , Zi Yan , Uladzislau Rezki , Nick Terrell , David Sterba , "Vishal Moola (Oracle)" , linux-mm@kvack.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, bpf@vger.kernel.org, Ryan.Roberts@arm.com, david.hildenbrand@arm.com Cc: Ryan Roberts , usama.anjum@arm.com Subject: [PATCH v2 2/3] vmalloc: Optimize vfree Date: Mon, 16 Mar 2026 11:31:43 +0000 Message-ID: <20260316113209.945853-3-usama.anjum@arm.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.47.3 In-Reply-To: <20260316113209.945853-1-usama.anjum@arm.com> References: <20260316113209.945853-1-usama.anjum@arm.com> Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit From: Ryan Roberts Whenever vmalloc allocates high order pages (e.g. for a huge mapping) it must immediately split_page() to order-0 so that it remains compatible with users that want to access the underlying struct page. Commit a06157804399 ("mm/vmalloc: request large order pages from buddy allocator") recently made it much more likely for vmalloc to allocate high order pages which are subsequently split to order-0. Unfortunately this had the side effect of causing performance regressions for tight vmalloc/vfree loops (e.g. test_vmalloc.ko benchmarks). See Closes: tag. This happens because the high order pages must be gotten from the buddy but then because they are split to order-0, when they are freed they are freed to the order-0 pcp. Previously allocation was for order-0 pages so they were recycled from the pcp. It would be preferable if when vmalloc allocates an (e.g.) order-3 page that it also frees that order-3 page to the order-3 pcp, then the regression could be removed. So let's do exactly that; use the new __free_contig_range() API to batch-free contiguous ranges of pfns. This not only removes the regression, but significantly improves performance of vfree beyond the baseline. A selection of test_vmalloc benchmarks running on arm64 server class system. mm-new is the baseline. Commit a06157804399 ("mm/vmalloc: request large order pages from buddy allocator") was added in v6.19-rc1 where we see regressions. Then with this change performance is much better. (>0 is faster, <0 is slower, (R)/(I) = statistically significant Regression/Improvement): +-----------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+ | Benchmark | Result Class | mm-new | this series | +=================+==========================================================+===================+====================+ | micromm/vmalloc | fix_align_alloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) | 1331843.33 | (I) 67.17% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) | 415907.33 | -5.14% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:4, h:0, l:500000 (usec) | 755448.00 | (I) 53.55% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:16, h:0, l:500000 (usec) | 1591331.33 | (I) 57.26% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:16, h:1, l:500000 (usec) | 1594345.67 | (I) 68.46% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:64, h:0, l:100000 (usec) | 1071826.00 | (I) 79.27% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:64, h:1, l:100000 (usec) | 1018385.00 | (I) 84.17% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:256, h:0, l:100000 (usec) | 3970899.67 | (I) 77.01% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:256, h:1, l:100000 (usec) | 3821788.67 | (I) 89.44% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:512, h:0, l:100000 (usec) | 7795968.00 | (I) 82.67% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:512, h:1, l:100000 (usec) | 6530169.67 | (I) 118.09% | | | full_fit_alloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) | 626808.33 | -0.98% | | | kvfree_rcu_1_arg_vmalloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) | 532145.67 | -1.68% | | | kvfree_rcu_2_arg_vmalloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) | 537032.67 | -0.96% | | | long_busy_list_alloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) | 8805069.00 | (I) 74.58% | | | pcpu_alloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) | 500824.67 | 4.35% | | | random_size_align_alloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) | 1637554.67 | (I) 76.99% | | | random_size_alloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) | 4556288.67 | (I) 72.23% | | | vm_map_ram_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) | 107371.00 | -0.70% | +-----------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+ Fixes: a06157804399 ("mm/vmalloc: request large order pages from buddy allocator") Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/66919a28-bc81-49c9-b68f-dd7c73395a0d@arm.com/ Signed-off-by: Ryan Roberts Co-developed-by: Muhammad Usama Anjum Signed-off-by: Muhammad Usama Anjum --- Changes since v1: - Rebase on mm-new - Rerun benchmarks --- mm/vmalloc.c | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/mm/vmalloc.c b/mm/vmalloc.c index c607307c657a6..8b935395fb068 100644 --- a/mm/vmalloc.c +++ b/mm/vmalloc.c @@ -3459,18 +3459,34 @@ void vfree(const void *addr) if (unlikely(vm->flags & VM_FLUSH_RESET_PERMS)) vm_reset_perms(vm); - for (i = 0; i < vm->nr_pages; i++) { - struct page *page = vm->pages[i]; + + if (vm->nr_pages) { + bool account = !(vm->flags & VM_MAP_PUT_PAGES); + unsigned long start_pfn, pfn; + struct page *page = vm->pages[0]; + int nr = 1; BUG_ON(!page); - /* - * High-order allocs for huge vmallocs are split, so - * can be freed as an array of order-0 allocations - */ - if (!(vm->flags & VM_MAP_PUT_PAGES)) + start_pfn = page_to_pfn(page); + if (account) mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_VMALLOC, -1); - __free_page(page); - cond_resched(); + + for (i = 1; i < vm->nr_pages; i++) { + page = vm->pages[i]; + BUG_ON(!page); + if (account) + mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_VMALLOC, -1); + pfn = page_to_pfn(page); + if (start_pfn + nr == pfn) { + nr++; + continue; + } + __free_contig_range(start_pfn, nr); + start_pfn = pfn; + nr = 1; + cond_resched(); + } + __free_contig_range(start_pfn, nr); } kvfree(vm->pages); kfree(vm); -- 2.47.3