[PATCH bpf-next v2 9/9] kbuild, bpf: allow building the vmlinux BTF as a module

[Jay Wang <wanjay@amazon.com>]

Make CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF a tristate.  With =m the vmlinux BTF is not
part of the kernel image: it is carried by a new module, btf_vmlinux, and
loaded the first time something needs it.  Nothing that works with =y
stops working; the 5.4 MiB of read-only data (distribution config) is
simply not there on systems where nothing uses it.

The only way to save that memory today is CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=n, which
a distribution cannot ship: one binary goes to every user, and off takes
BTF away from the users of CO-RE, fentry/fexit, kfuncs, struct_ops,
sched_ext or bpf-lsm.  Whether BTF is used is a property of the
workload, not of the build, so let the first user decide.

The BTF is generated as before, but with =m the .BTF section is linked
as a non-loadable section (like .comment), so the kernel image does not
load it, and the final step that makes vmlinux from vmlinux.unstripped
strips it: every boot image made from vmlinux, whether a raw binary or
an ELF copy, is without it.  Module BTF is generated against
vmlinux.unstripped, which keeps it.  .BTF_ids stays loadable, the
verifier needs it once the BTF is loaded.  The object that carries .BTF
also carries .BTF.meta, the size and SHA-256 of the BTF (struct
btf_vmlinux_meta, checked by the module notifier); the first link, which
the BTF is generated from, gets a zeroed .BTF.meta of the same size.
kernel/bpf/btf_vmlinux.c is an empty carrier module; scripts/gen-btf.sh
gives it the vmlinux .BTF as its own .BTF section instead of generating
split BTF for it, so that one module depends on vmlinux with =m; with
CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES all of them do, as before.

CONFIG_BPF_PRELOAD is not selectable with =m: its iterator programs
attach through the vmlinux BTF, so every bpffs mount (systemd does one
at boot) would load it and defeat the point.  Module BTF is still kept
when a module loads, as with =y; the saving is the vmlinux BTF only.
Programs that need kernel types before the root file system is mounted
need btf_vmlinux.ko in the initramfs; the Kconfig help says so.

The module has no exit: once loaded the BTF stays, as with =y.  The
runtime side -- loading the module on first use, checking it against
.BTF.meta, deferring kfunc and struct_ops registrations and module BTF
until it arrives -- and the IS_ENABLED()/$(subst m,y,...) preparation of
the existing checks are in the preceding patches; this one makes it
selectable.

Tested with 1 GiB of memory, same tree, =y vs =m, both with
CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES=y:

 - MemTotal is ~5.4 MB higher with =m while the BTF is unused: the size
   of the .BTF section.
 - stat() of /sys/kernel/btf/vmlinux reports the BTF size before it is
   loaded, as the btf_sysfs selftest expects.
 - With BTF in use, MemFree is the same within run-to-run noise.
 - Modules loaded before the trigger (ext4, nf_conntrack and its kfuncs,
   xfrm_interface) appear in /sys/kernel/btf immediately and get BTF ids
   once the BTF is loaded; a socket filter loads without loading the
   module; a kprobe program calling bpf_get_current_task_btf(), opening
   /sys/kernel/btf/vmlinux or BPF_BTF_GET_NEXT_ID each load it.
 - A carrier module with one byte of its .BTF changed is refused with
   "BTF does not match this kernel" and leaves no state behind.
 - After the load: fstat/read/mmap of /sys/kernel/btf/vmlinux, a
   struct_ops map for tcp_congestion_ops, a syscall program calling the
   bpf_task_from_pid()/bpf_task_release() kfuncs, and modules loaded
   afterwards (nf_nat) all work as with =y.
 - =m without DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES, and =y, build and pass the same
   tests.

Signed-off-by: Jay Wang <wanjay@amazon.com>
---
 Documentation/bpf/btf.rst         | 35 ++++++++++++
 Makefile                          |  5 +-
 include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h | 31 +++++++++-
 kernel/bpf/Makefile               |  4 ++
 kernel/bpf/btf_vmlinux.c          | 23 ++++++++
 kernel/bpf/preload/Kconfig        |  4 ++
 lib/Kconfig.debug                 | 22 ++++++-
 scripts/Makefile.modfinal         | 26 +++++++--
 scripts/Makefile.vmlinux          |  5 ++
 scripts/gen-btf.sh                | 95 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 scripts/link-vmlinux.sh           | 25 ++++++--
 11 files changed, 257 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kernel/bpf/btf_vmlinux.c

diff --git a/Documentation/bpf/btf.rst b/Documentation/bpf/btf.rst
index 004aa1058d85..b637f83c85c4 100644
--- a/Documentation/bpf/btf.rst
+++ b/Documentation/bpf/btf.rst
@@ -1197,6 +1197,41 @@ format.::
             .long   58
             .long   8206                    # Line 8 Col 14
 
+6.1 Kernel BTF
+--------------
+
+With CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=y the BTF of the kernel is generated at link time
+from its DWARF and placed in the .BTF section of vmlinux, which is read-only
+data of the kernel image. It is available as /sys/kernel/btf/vmlinux and, if
+CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES is set, module BTF is generated as split BTF
+against it and available as /sys/kernel/btf/<module>.
+
+With CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=m the same BTF is generated, but it is not part of
+the kernel image or of the vmlinux ELF file (vmlinux.unstripped in the build
+tree keeps it, for module BTF generation). It is delivered by the
+btf_vmlinux module, which the kernel loads on demand the first time the BTF is
+needed: when /sys/kernel/btf/vmlinux is read or mmap()ed, when kernel BTF
+objects are enumerated (BPF_BTF_GET_NEXT_ID), or when a BPF program needs
+kernel type information (an attach_btf_id, a kfunc call, a ksym, a map pointer
+or a helper that takes or returns a kernel BTF pointer). Until then no memory
+is used for it, and afterwards nothing differs from =y. In particular:
+
+  * /sys/kernel/btf/vmlinux exists from boot with its final size.
+  * Modules loaded before the vmlinux BTF are exposed in /sys/kernel/btf right
+    away, their BTF is parsed and gets a BTF id once the vmlinux BTF is
+    loaded, together with their kfunc and struct_ops registrations.
+  * kfunc, dtor kfunc and struct_ops registrations of the kernel itself are
+    applied before the BTF becomes visible.
+  * The kernel only accepts the BTF it was built with: the size and SHA-256 of
+    the BTF are linked into the kernel and checked against the module.
+  * Once loaded the BTF stays; the module cannot be unloaded.
+
+If the module is not available (not installed, or the root file system is not
+mounted yet), the kernel behaves as one built without BTF and retries next
+time. CONFIG_BPF_PRELOAD is not available with =m: its iterators attach through
+the vmlinux BTF, so mounting bpffs would load it. bpf_snprintf_btf() and bpf_seq_printf_btf() only use the BTF if it has
+already been parsed, as they run in program context.
+
 7. Testing
 ==========
 
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 3a1b4a8fb424..0a37decd9d01 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -1745,8 +1745,9 @@ endif
 #
 
 # *.ko are usually independent of vmlinux, but CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES
-# is an exception.
-ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES
+# is an exception, and so is the btf_vmlinux module with CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=m,
+# which carries the vmlinux BTF.
+ifneq ($(CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES)$(filter m,$(CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF)),)
 KBUILD_BUILTIN := y
 modules: vmlinux
 endif
diff --git a/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h b/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h
index b2988aa12f66..204a9ee171c6 100644
--- a/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h
+++ b/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h
@@ -674,8 +674,18 @@
 
 /*
  * .BTF
+ *
+ * With CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=y the vmlinux BTF is loaded as read-only data and
+ * bounded by __start_BTF/__stop_BTF.  With CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=m it is
+ * linked as a non-loadable section (see BTF_NOLOAD in ELF_DETAILS), so that
+ * module BTF generation can read it from vmlinux.unstripped; it is stripped
+ * from vmlinux (scripts/Makefile.vmlinux), and the btf_vmlinux module carries
+ * a copy and provides it on demand at runtime.
+ * What is loaded instead is .BTF.meta, the size and hash of that BTF (see
+ * scripts/gen-btf.sh), empty in the first link that the BTF is generated
+ * from.  .BTF_ids is needed by the kernel in both cases.
  */
-#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF
+#if IS_BUILTIN(CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF)
 #define BTF								\
 	. = ALIGN(PAGE_SIZE);						\
 	.BTF : AT(ADDR(.BTF) - LOAD_OFFSET) {				\
@@ -685,10 +695,28 @@
 	.BTF_ids : AT(ADDR(.BTF_ids) - LOAD_OFFSET) {			\
 		*(.BTF_ids)						\
 	}
+#elif IS_MODULE(CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF)
+#define BTF								\
+	. = ALIGN(8);							\
+	.BTF.meta : AT(ADDR(.BTF.meta) - LOAD_OFFSET) {			\
+		BOUNDED_SECTION_BY(.BTF.meta, _BTF_meta)		\
+	}								\
+	. = ALIGN(PAGE_SIZE);						\
+	.BTF_ids : AT(ADDR(.BTF_ids) - LOAD_OFFSET) {			\
+		*(.BTF_ids)						\
+	}
 #else
 #define BTF
 #endif
 
+#if IS_MODULE(CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF)
+/* quoted: BTF is a macro, an unquoted .BTF here would expand it */
+#define BTF_NOLOAD							\
+		".BTF" 0 : { *(".BTF") }
+#else
+#define BTF_NOLOAD
+#endif
+
 /*
  * Init task
  */
@@ -849,6 +877,7 @@
 /* Required sections not related to debugging. */
 #define ELF_DETAILS							\
 		.comment 0 : { *(.comment) }				\
+		BTF_NOLOAD						\
 		.symtab 0 : { *(.symtab) }				\
 		.strtab 0 : { *(.strtab) }				\
 		.shstrtab 0 : { *(.shstrtab) }				\
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/Makefile b/kernel/bpf/Makefile
index 7d745b602b80..8ab46f496fa4 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/Makefile
+++ b/kernel/bpf/Makefile
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ endif
 ifeq ($(CONFIG_SYSFS),y)
 obj-$(subst m,y,$(CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF)) += sysfs_btf.o
 endif
+# With CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=m the vmlinux BTF is carried by this module
+ifeq ($(CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF),m)
+obj-m += btf_vmlinux.o
+endif
 ifeq ($(CONFIG_BPF_JIT),y)
 obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += bpf_struct_ops.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += cpumask.o
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/btf_vmlinux.c b/kernel/bpf/btf_vmlinux.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8d89b4bb3c43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/bpf/btf_vmlinux.c
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/*
+ * Carrier module for the vmlinux BTF when CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=m.
+ *
+ * This module has no code of its own.  Its .BTF section is a copy of the
+ * vmlinux BTF (see scripts/gen-btf.sh), which the BTF module notifier in
+ * kernel/bpf/btf.c recognizes by module name and installs as the vmlinux BTF.
+ * The kernel loads it on demand, the first time the vmlinux BTF is needed.
+ *
+ * There is deliberately no module_exit(): once the BTF is in use it cannot
+ * be taken away again, exactly as with CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=y.
+ */
+#include <linux/init.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+
+static int __init btf_vmlinux_init(void)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+module_init(btf_vmlinux_init);
+
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("BTF type information for vmlinux");
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/preload/Kconfig b/kernel/bpf/preload/Kconfig
index aef7b0bc96d6..b1600bdce7a0 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/preload/Kconfig
+++ b/kernel/bpf/preload/Kconfig
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ menuconfig BPF_PRELOAD
 	# The dependency on !COMPILE_TEST prevents it from being enabled
 	# in allmodconfig or allyesconfig configurations
 	depends on !COMPILE_TEST
+	# The preloaded iterators attach through the vmlinux BTF, so with
+	# CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=m every bpffs mount would load the BTF, which
+	# defeats the point of =m on any system that mounts bpffs at boot.
+	depends on DEBUG_INFO_BTF!=m
 	help
 	  This builds kernel module with several embedded BPF programs that are
 	  pinned into BPF FS mount point as human readable files that are
diff --git a/lib/Kconfig.debug b/lib/Kconfig.debug
index 134b15a44625..418025c5e657 100644
--- a/lib/Kconfig.debug
+++ b/lib/Kconfig.debug
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ config DEBUG_INFO_SPLIT
 	  Incompatible with older versions of ccache.
 
 config DEBUG_INFO_BTF
-	bool "Generate BTF type information"
+	tristate "Generate BTF type information"
 	depends on !DEBUG_INFO_SPLIT && !DEBUG_INFO_REDUCED
 	depends on !GCC_PLUGIN_RANDSTRUCT || COMPILE_TEST
 	depends on BPF_SYSCALL
@@ -408,6 +408,26 @@ config DEBUG_INFO_BTF
 	  Turning this on requires pahole v1.22 or later, which will convert
 	  DWARF type info into equivalent deduplicated BTF type info.
 
+	  If built as a module (=m), the vmlinux BTF is not part of the
+	  kernel image.  It is carried by the btf_vmlinux module, which is
+	  loaded on demand the first time the BTF is needed: when a BPF
+	  program requires kernel type information, or when
+	  /sys/kernel/btf/vmlinux is opened.  Until then, no memory is
+	  spent on it.  The vmlinux ELF file does not carry the BTF
+	  either; module BTF is generated against vmlinux.unstripped, and
+	  tools that read the BTF from a file can use that or
+	  /sys/kernel/btf/vmlinux.
+
+	  Module BTF (DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES) is kept when a module loads,
+	  as with =y, and registered once the vmlinux BTF is available; the
+	  saving is the vmlinux BTF only.
+
+	  If BPF programs that use kernel types run before the root file
+	  system is mounted, put btf_vmlinux.ko into the initramfs: until
+	  the module can be loaded, such programs fail as on a kernel
+	  without BTF.  Not compatible with BPF_PRELOAD, whose iterators
+	  would load the BTF at every bpffs mount.
+
 config PAHOLE_HAS_BTF_TAG
 	def_bool PAHOLE_VERSION >= 123
 	depends on CC_IS_CLANG
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.modfinal b/scripts/Makefile.modfinal
index 01a37ec872b9..6a0958cf0e6f 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.modfinal
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.modfinal
@@ -38,20 +38,34 @@ quiet_cmd_ld_ko_o = LD [M]  $@
 		$(KBUILD_LDFLAGS_MODULE) $(LDFLAGS_MODULE)		\
 		-T $(objtree)/scripts/module.lds -o $@ $(filter %.o, $^)
 
+# The ELF file with the vmlinux BTF: with CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=m the BTF is
+# stripped from vmlinux (scripts/Makefile.vmlinux), vmlinux.unstripped keeps it.
+btf-vmlinux := $(objtree)/vmlinux$(if $(filter m,$(CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF)),.unstripped)
+
 quiet_cmd_btf_ko = BTF [M] $@
       cmd_btf_ko = 							\
-	if [ ! -f $(objtree)/vmlinux ]; then				\
+	if [ ! -f $(btf-vmlinux) ]; then				\
 		printf "Skipping BTF generation for %s due to unavailability of vmlinux\n" $@ 1>&2; \
 	else	\
-		$(CONFIG_SHELL) $(srctree)/scripts/gen-btf.sh --btf_base $(objtree)/vmlinux $@; \
+		$(CONFIG_SHELL) $(srctree)/scripts/gen-btf.sh --btf_base $(btf-vmlinux) $@; \
 	fi;
 
-# Re-generate module BTFs if either module's .ko or vmlinux changed
-%.ko: %.o %.mod.o .module-common.o $(objtree)/scripts/module.lds $(and $(CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES),$(KBUILD_BUILTIN),$(objtree)/vmlinux) FORCE
-	+$(call if_changed,ld_ko_o)
+# Modules that get a .BTF section: all of them with CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES,
+# otherwise only the vmlinux BTF carrier module with CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=m.
 ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES
-	+$(if $(newer-prereqs),$(call cmd,btf_ko))
+btf-modules := $(modules:%.o=%.ko)
+else ifeq ($(CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF),m)
+btf-modules := $(filter %/btf_vmlinux.ko,$(modules:%.o=%.ko))
+# Only the carrier depends on vmlinux, not every module
+ifdef KBUILD_BUILTIN
+$(btf-modules): $(btf-vmlinux)
+endif
 endif
+
+# Re-generate module BTFs if either module's .ko or vmlinux changed
+%.ko: %.o %.mod.o .module-common.o $(objtree)/scripts/module.lds $(and $(CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES),$(KBUILD_BUILTIN),$(btf-vmlinux)) FORCE
+	+$(call if_changed,ld_ko_o)
+	+$(if $(and $(filter $@,$(btf-modules)),$(newer-prereqs)),$(call cmd,btf_ko))
 	+$(call cmd,check_tracepoint)
 
 targets += $(modules:%.o=%.ko) $(modules:%.o=%.mod.o) .module-common.o
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.vmlinux b/scripts/Makefile.vmlinux
index fcae1e432d9a..557db1ee1f3b 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.vmlinux
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.vmlinux
@@ -86,6 +86,11 @@ remove-section-$(CONFIG_ARCH_VMLINUX_NEEDS_RELOCS) += '.rel*' '!.rel*.dyn'
 # for compatibility with binutils < 2.32
 # https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.git;a=commit;h=c12d9fa2afe7abcbe407a00e15719e1a1350c2a7
 remove-section-$(CONFIG_ARCH_VMLINUX_NEEDS_RELOCS) += '.rel.*'
+# With CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=m the btf_vmlinux module carries the vmlinux BTF;
+# only vmlinux.unstripped keeps it, for module BTF generation.
+ifeq ($(CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF),m)
+remove-section-y += .BTF
+endif
 
 remove-symbols := -w --strip-unneeded-symbol='__mod_device_table__*'
 
diff --git a/scripts/gen-btf.sh b/scripts/gen-btf.sh
index 8ca96eb10a69..d808d0006d32 100755
--- a/scripts/gen-btf.sh
+++ b/scripts/gen-btf.sh
@@ -22,16 +22,27 @@
 #   - ${1}.btf.o ready for linking into vmlinux
 #   - ${1}.BTF_ids with .BTF_ids data blob
 # This output is consumed by scripts/link-vmlinux.sh
+#
+# With CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=m the .BTF section in ${1}.btf.o is not
+# allocatable, so the kernel image does not carry the BTF; vmlinux.unstripped
+# does, for module BTF generation, and scripts/Makefile.vmlinux strips it from
+# vmlinux.  ${1}.btf.o then also carries .BTF.meta, the size and SHA-256 of
+# the BTF for the kernel (struct btf_vmlinux_meta); "--placeholder ${1}"
+# produces a ${1}.btf.o with a zeroed .BTF.meta and no .BTF for the first
+# vmlinux link, which the BTF is generated from.  The btf_vmlinux module gets
+# no BTF of its own; its .BTF section is a copy of the vmlinux BTF, extracted
+# from --btf_base.
 
 set -e
 
 usage()
 {
-	echo "Usage: $0 [--btf_base <file>] <target ELF file>"
+	echo "Usage: $0 [--btf_base <file>] [--placeholder] <target ELF file>"
 	exit 1
 }
 
 BTF_BASE=""
+PLACEHOLDER=""
 
 while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
 	case "$1" in
@@ -39,6 +50,10 @@ while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
 		BTF_BASE="$2"
 		shift 2
 		;;
+	--placeholder)
+		PLACEHOLDER=1
+		shift
+		;;
 	-*)
 		echo "Unknown option: $1" >&2
 		usage
@@ -60,6 +75,10 @@ is_enabled() {
 	grep -q "^$1=y" ${objtree}/include/config/auto.conf
 }
 
+is_module() {
+	grep -q "^$1=m" ${objtree}/include/config/auto.conf
+}
+
 case "${KBUILD_VERBOSE}" in
 *1*)
 	set -x
@@ -79,6 +98,30 @@ gen_btf_data()
 		--btf ${btf1} "${ELF_FILE}"
 }
 
+# Write one byte with value $1 (0..255)
+put_byte()
+{
+	printf "\\$(printf '%03o' "$1")"
+}
+
+# CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=m: write struct btf_vmlinux_meta { u32 size; u8
+# sha256[32]; } for the BTF in $1 to $2, in the target's byte order.
+gen_btf_meta()
+{
+	size=$(${CONFIG_SHELL} "${srctree}/scripts/file-size.sh" "$1")
+	sha256=$(sha256sum < "$1" | cut -d' ' -f1)
+	{
+		if is_enabled CONFIG_CPU_BIG_ENDIAN; then
+			for shift in 24 16 8 0; do put_byte $(( (size >> shift) & 255 )); done
+		else
+			for shift in 0 8 16 24; do put_byte $(( (size >> shift) & 255 )); done
+		fi
+		for byte in $(echo "${sha256}" | sed 's/../& /g'); do
+			put_byte $(( 0x${byte} ))
+		done
+	} > "$2"
+}
+
 gen_btf_o()
 {
 	btf_data=${ELF_FILE}.btf.o
@@ -88,9 +131,23 @@ gen_btf_o()
 	# deletes all symbols including __start_BTF and __stop_BTF, which will
 	# be redefined in the linker script.
 	echo "" | ${CC} ${CLANG_FLAGS} ${KBUILD_CPPFLAGS} ${KBUILD_CFLAGS} -fno-lto -c -x c -o ${btf_data} -
-	${OBJCOPY} --add-section .BTF=${ELF_FILE}.BTF \
-		--set-section-flags .BTF=alloc,readonly ${btf_data}
-	${OBJCOPY} --only-section=.BTF --strip-all ${btf_data}
+	if is_module CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF; then
+		# CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=m: .BTF stays non-allocatable, kept in
+		# vmlinux.unstripped for module BTF but not loaded; the btf_vmlinux
+		# module provides it at runtime.  What is loaded is .BTF.meta,
+		# its size and hash, so that /sys/kernel/btf/vmlinux has the right
+		# size from boot and only the matching BTF is accepted.
+		gen_btf_meta ${ELF_FILE}.BTF ${ELF_FILE}.BTF.meta
+		${OBJCOPY} --add-section .BTF=${ELF_FILE}.BTF \
+			--set-section-flags .BTF=readonly \
+			--add-section .BTF.meta=${ELF_FILE}.BTF.meta \
+			--set-section-flags .BTF.meta=alloc,readonly ${btf_data}
+		${OBJCOPY} --only-section=.BTF --only-section=.BTF.meta --strip-all ${btf_data}
+	else
+		${OBJCOPY} --add-section .BTF=${ELF_FILE}.BTF \
+			--set-section-flags .BTF=alloc,readonly ${btf_data}
+		${OBJCOPY} --only-section=.BTF --strip-all ${btf_data}
+	fi
 
 	# Change e_type to ET_REL so that it can be used to link final vmlinux.
 	# GNU ld 2.35+ and lld do not allow an ET_EXEC input.
@@ -121,6 +178,7 @@ cleanup()
 {
 	rm -f "${ELF_FILE}.BTF.1"
 	rm -f "${ELF_FILE}.BTF"
+	rm -f "${ELF_FILE}.BTF.meta"
 	if [ "${BTFGEN_MODE}" = "module" ]; then
 		rm -f "${ELF_FILE}.BTF.base"
 		rm -f "${ELF_FILE}.BTF_ids"
@@ -133,6 +191,35 @@ if [ -n "${BTF_BASE}" ]; then
 	BTFGEN_MODE="module"
 fi
 
+if [ -n "${PLACEHOLDER}" ]; then
+	btf_data=${ELF_FILE}.btf.o
+	echo "" | ${CC} ${CLANG_FLAGS} ${KBUILD_CPPFLAGS} ${KBUILD_CFLAGS} -fno-lto -c -x c -o ${btf_data} -
+	dd if=/dev/zero of=${ELF_FILE}.BTF.meta bs=36 count=1 2>/dev/null
+	${OBJCOPY} --add-section .BTF.meta=${ELF_FILE}.BTF.meta \
+		--set-section-flags .BTF.meta=alloc,readonly ${btf_data}
+	${OBJCOPY} --only-section=.BTF.meta --strip-all ${btf_data}
+	exit 0
+fi
+
+# CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=m: the btf_vmlinux module carries the vmlinux BTF
+# itself.  Its own types are of no interest, so instead of generating split
+# BTF for it, copy the (non-loadable) .BTF section of --btf_base
+# (vmlinux.unstripped) into the module.
+# The kernel recognizes the module by name and treats its .BTF as base BTF.
+case "${BTFGEN_MODE}:${ELF_FILE}" in
+module:*/btf_vmlinux.ko)
+	if is_module CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF; then
+		# -O binary only emits allocatable sections; make .BTF one for
+		# the extraction.  ${BTF_BASE} itself is not modified.
+		${OBJCOPY} -O binary --only-section=.BTF			\
+			--set-section-flags .BTF=alloc,load,readonly	\
+			"${BTF_BASE}" "${ELF_FILE}.BTF"
+		${OBJCOPY} --add-section .BTF="${ELF_FILE}.BTF" "${ELF_FILE}"
+		exit 0
+	fi
+	;;
+esac
+
 gen_btf_data
 
 case "${BTFGEN_MODE}" in
diff --git a/scripts/link-vmlinux.sh b/scripts/link-vmlinux.sh
index ab0b8125c8cb..a9a066267ef6 100755
--- a/scripts/link-vmlinux.sh
+++ b/scripts/link-vmlinux.sh
@@ -37,6 +37,15 @@ is_enabled() {
 	grep -q "^$1=y" include/config/auto.conf
 }
 
+is_module() {
+	grep -q "^$1=m" include/config/auto.conf
+}
+
+# =y or =m
+is_set() {
+	grep -q "^$1=[ym]" include/config/auto.conf
+}
+
 # Nice output in kbuild format
 # Will be suppressed by "make -s"
 info()
@@ -211,17 +220,25 @@ if is_enabled CONFIG_KALLSYMS; then
 	kallsyms .tmp_vmlinux0.syms .tmp_vmlinux0.kallsyms
 fi
 
-if is_enabled CONFIG_KALLSYMS || is_enabled CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF; then
+if is_module CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF; then
+	# The kernel refers to the size and hash of its BTF, which only the
+	# BTF generated from the first link can provide; link a placeholder
+	# of the same layout until then.
+	${CONFIG_SHELL} ${srctree}/scripts/gen-btf.sh --placeholder .tmp_vmlinux0
+	btf_vmlinux_bin_o=.tmp_vmlinux0.btf.o
+fi
+
+if is_enabled CONFIG_KALLSYMS || is_set CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF; then
 
 	# The kallsyms linking does not need debug symbols, but the BTF does.
-	if ! is_enabled CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF; then
+	if ! is_set CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF; then
 		strip_debug=1
 	fi
 
 	vmlinux_link .tmp_vmlinux1
 fi
 
-if is_enabled CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF; then
+if is_set CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF; then
 	info BTF .tmp_vmlinux1
 	if ! ${CONFIG_SHELL} ${srctree}/scripts/gen-btf.sh .tmp_vmlinux1; then
 		echo >&2 "Failed to generate BTF for vmlinux"
@@ -287,7 +304,7 @@ fi
 
 vmlinux_link "${VMLINUX}"
 
-if is_enabled CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF; then
+if is_set CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF; then
 	info BTFIDS ${VMLINUX}
 	${RESOLVE_BTFIDS} --patch_btfids ${btfids_vmlinux} ${VMLINUX}
 fi
-- 
2.47.3