From: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@kernel.org>
To: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>,
Naveen N Rao <naveen@kernel.org>,
"David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>,
Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@kernel.org>,
Jason Baron <jbaron@akamai.com>,
Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>,
Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>,
Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>,
Thomas Gleixner <tglx@kernel.org>, Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>,
Alan Maguire <almagui@kernel.org>,
x86@kernel.org, linux-trace-kernel@vger.kernel.org,
linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, bpf@vger.kernel.org
Subject: [PATCH 13/13] samples/kprobes: Add batch probe example
Date: Mon, 9 Nov 2026 20:58:27 +0100 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <20261109195827.1091410-1-jolsa@kernel.org> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20261109194916.1089703-1-jolsa@kernel.org>
Add a sample module that registers kprobes on a batch of
generated functions and calls each function to trigger
the probes.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@kernel.org>
---
kernel/Makefile | 3 +
kernel/kprobes_many.c | 81 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
samples/Kconfig | 8 +++
samples/kprobes/Makefile | 1 +
samples/kprobes/kprobe_many_example.c | 91 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5 files changed, 184 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 kernel/kprobes_many.c
create mode 100644 samples/kprobes/kprobe_many_example.c
diff --git a/kernel/Makefile b/kernel/Makefile
index 4ff92e24680c..f307b29d4fef 100644
--- a/kernel/Makefile
+++ b/kernel/Makefile
@@ -99,6 +99,9 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_AUDITSYSCALL) += auditsc.o audit_watch.o audit_fsnotify.o audit_tre
obj-$(CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL) += gcov/
obj-$(CONFIG_KCOV) += kcov.o
obj-$(CONFIG_KPROBES) += kprobes.o
+ifneq ($(CONFIG_SAMPLE_KPROBES_MANY),)
+obj-y += kprobes_many.o
+endif
obj-$(CONFIG_FAIL_FUNCTION) += fail_function.o
obj-$(CONFIG_KGDB) += debug/
obj-$(CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK) += hung_task.o
diff --git a/kernel/kprobes_many.c b/kernel/kprobes_many.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1c31a63309bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/kprobes_many.c
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+/*
+ * Generated functions for the batch kprobe sample.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/annotate.h>
+#include <linux/export.h>
+#include <linux/linkage.h>
+#include <linux/stringify.h>
+#include <asm/asm.h>
+#include <asm/ibt.h>
+
+#define KPROBE_MANY_MAX_FUNCS 50000
+#define KPROBE_MANY_FUNC_SIZE 24
+#define KPROBE_MANY_PROBE_OFF 8
+
+#if defined(CONFIG_MITIGATION_RETHUNK)
+#define KPROBE_MANY_RET ASM_RET
+#define KPROBE_MANY_RET_SIZE 5
+#elif defined(CONFIG_MITIGATION_SLS)
+#define KPROBE_MANY_RET ASM_RET
+#define KPROBE_MANY_RET_SIZE 2
+#else
+#define KPROBE_MANY_RET ASM_RET
+#define KPROBE_MANY_RET_SIZE 1
+#endif
+
+#define KPROBE_MANY_TAIL_NOPS \
+ (KPROBE_MANY_FUNC_SIZE - KPROBE_MANY_PROBE_OFF - 7 - \
+ KPROBE_MANY_RET_SIZE)
+
+extern char kprobes_many_func_0[];
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kprobes_many_func_0);
+
+/*
+ * Keep these functions at a fixed size so the sample module can place
+ * probes at the same offset in every function.
+ *
+ * For example, KPROBE_MANY_FUNC kprobes_many_func_0 emits:
+ *
+ * kprobes_many_func_0: ENDBR
+ * NOPS to offset 8
+ * 1: probe site (offset 8), annotated as NOENDBR
+ * 7 NOPS for the kprobe optimizer
+ * NOPS to fill the function
+ * RET
+ *
+ * The NOPS and return sequence keep each function 24 bytes long, including
+ * the ENDBR instruction when enabled.
+ */
+asm (
+ ".pushsection .text, \"ax\", @progbits\n"
+ ".macro KPROBE_MANY_FUNC name\n"
+ ".type \\name, @function\n"
+ "\\name:\n"
+ ASM_ENDBR
+ IBT_NOSEAL("\\name")
+ ".rept " __stringify(KPROBE_MANY_PROBE_OFF - ENDBR_INSN_SIZE) "\n"
+ " nop\n"
+ ".endr\n"
+ "1:\n"
+ ASM_ANNOTATE_LABEL(1b, ANNOTYPE_NOENDBR) "\n"
+ ".rept 7\n"
+ " nop\n"
+ ".endr\n"
+ ".rept " __stringify(KPROBE_MANY_TAIL_NOPS) "\n"
+ " nop\n"
+ ".endr\n"
+ KPROBE_MANY_RET
+ ".size \\name, .-\\name\n"
+ ".endm\n"
+ ".macro KPROBE_MANY_FUNC_LOCAL\n"
+ "KPROBE_MANY_FUNC kprobes_many_func_\\@\n"
+ ".endm\n"
+ ".globl kprobes_many_func_0\n"
+ "KPROBE_MANY_FUNC kprobes_many_func_0\n"
+ ".rept " __stringify(KPROBE_MANY_MAX_FUNCS - 1) "\n"
+ " KPROBE_MANY_FUNC_LOCAL\n"
+ ".endr\n"
+ ".popsection\n");
diff --git a/samples/Kconfig b/samples/Kconfig
index 00eed83c07df..92a41c5fdbfd 100644
--- a/samples/Kconfig
+++ b/samples/Kconfig
@@ -80,6 +80,14 @@ config SAMPLE_KRETPROBES
default m
depends on SAMPLE_KPROBES && KRETPROBES
+config SAMPLE_KPROBES_MANY
+ tristate "Build batch kprobe example -- x86 loadable module only"
+ depends on SAMPLE_KPROBES && X86 && m
+ help
+ This builds a sample module that registers kprobes in the middle of
+ 50000 generated x86 kernel functions using the batch kprobe
+ interface.
+
config SAMPLE_HW_BREAKPOINT
tristate "Build kernel hardware breakpoint examples -- loadable module only"
depends on HAVE_HW_BREAKPOINT && m
diff --git a/samples/kprobes/Makefile b/samples/kprobes/Makefile
index e774592718d6..2fd2150e523c 100644
--- a/samples/kprobes/Makefile
+++ b/samples/kprobes/Makefile
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@
obj-$(CONFIG_SAMPLE_KPROBES) += kprobe_example.o
obj-$(CONFIG_SAMPLE_KRETPROBES) += kretprobe_example.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_SAMPLE_KPROBES_MANY) += kprobe_many_example.o
diff --git a/samples/kprobes/kprobe_many_example.c b/samples/kprobes/kprobe_many_example.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5a58908c840c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/kprobes/kprobe_many_example.c
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
+/*
+ * Sample module that registers a batch of kprobes in generated kernel
+ * functions.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/kprobes.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+
+#define KPROBE_MANY_MAX_FUNCS 50000
+#define KPROBE_MANY_FUNC_SIZE 24
+#define KPROBE_MANY_PROBE_OFF 8
+
+extern char kprobes_many_func_0[];
+
+static unsigned int nr_functions = 20000;
+module_param(nr_functions, uint, 0444);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(nr_functions, "number of generated functions to probe (1-50000)");
+
+static struct kprobe probes[KPROBE_MANY_MAX_FUNCS];
+static struct kprobe *probe_ptrs[KPROBE_MANY_MAX_FUNCS];
+static unsigned int kprobe_many_pre_handler_count;
+
+static int __kprobes kprobe_many_pre_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
+{
+ kprobe_many_pre_handler_count++;
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/* The generated assembly functions have no CFI type metadata. */
+static noinline __nocfi void
+kprobe_many_call_function(char *functions, unsigned int index)
+{
+ void (*function)(void);
+
+ function = (void (*)(void))(functions + index * KPROBE_MANY_FUNC_SIZE);
+ function();
+}
+
+static int __init kprobe_many_init(void)
+{
+ char *functions;
+ unsigned int i;
+ unsigned int hit_count;
+ int ret;
+
+ if (!nr_functions || nr_functions > KPROBE_MANY_MAX_FUNCS)
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ functions = kprobes_many_func_0;
+
+ for (i = 0; i < nr_functions; i++) {
+ probes[i].addr = (void *)(functions + i * KPROBE_MANY_FUNC_SIZE +
+ KPROBE_MANY_PROBE_OFF);
+ probes[i].pre_handler = kprobe_many_pre_handler;
+ probe_ptrs[i] = &probes[i];
+ }
+
+ ret = register_kprobes(probe_ptrs, nr_functions);
+ if (ret) {
+ pr_err("register_kprobes failed, returned %d\n", ret);
+ return ret;
+ }
+
+ pr_info("registered %u probes\n", nr_functions);
+ for (i = 0; i < nr_functions; i++)
+ kprobe_many_call_function(functions, i);
+
+ hit_count = kprobe_many_pre_handler_count;
+ if (hit_count != nr_functions) {
+ pr_err("pre-handler triggered %u times, expected %u\n",
+ hit_count, nr_functions);
+ unregister_kprobes(probe_ptrs, nr_functions);
+ return -EINVAL;
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static void __exit kprobe_many_exit(void)
+{
+ unregister_kprobes(probe_ptrs, nr_functions);
+ pr_info("unregistered %u probes\n", nr_functions);
+}
+
+module_init(kprobe_many_init);
+module_exit(kprobe_many_exit);
+
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sample module registering kprobes in generated functions");
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
--
2.43.0
prev parent reply other threads:[~2026-11-09 19:58 UTC|newest]
Thread overview: 14+ messages / expand[flat|nested] mbox.gz Atom feed top
2026-11-09 19:49 [PATCH 00/13] kprobes: Reduce registration and optimization lookup costs Jiri Olsa
2026-11-09 19:49 ` [PATCH 01/13] static_call: Index code text reservation lookups Jiri Olsa
2026-11-09 19:49 ` [PATCH 02/13] jump_label: Index " Jiri Olsa
2026-11-09 19:49 ` [PATCH 03/13] jump_label/x86: Avoid decoding instructions for jump entry size Jiri Olsa
2026-11-09 19:55 ` [PATCH 04/13] kprobes: Maintain an rbtree of registered probes Jiri Olsa
2026-11-09 19:56 ` [PATCH 05/13] kprobes: Add an iterator for address ranges Jiri Olsa
2026-11-09 19:56 ` [PATCH 06/13] kprobes: Add an address iterator for probe lookup Jiri Olsa
2026-11-09 19:56 ` [PATCH 07/13] kprobes: Use kprobe iterator in get_optimized_kprobe Jiri Olsa
2026-11-09 19:57 ` [PATCH 08/13] x86/kprobes: Use kprobe iterator in __recover_optprobed_insn Jiri Olsa
2026-11-09 19:57 ` [PATCH 09/13] x86/kprobes: Use kprobe iterator in arch_check_optimized_kprobe Jiri Olsa
2026-11-09 19:57 ` [PATCH 10/13] x86/kprobes: Use kprobe address iterator in can_optimize Jiri Olsa
2026-11-09 19:57 ` [PATCH 11/13] x86/kprobes: Use kprobe address iterator in can_probe Jiri Olsa
2026-11-09 19:58 ` [PATCH 12/13] x86/kprobes: Use kprobe address iterator in in copy_optimized_instructions Jiri Olsa
2026-11-09 19:58 ` Jiri Olsa [this message]
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