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Thu, 12 Nov 2026 01:15:38 -0800 (PST) Received: from localhost.localdomain ([2406:7400:51:27a4:c2b6:f9ff:fe77:10a0]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id 5a478bee46e88-375212e7d24sm40096319eec.22.2026.11.12.01.15.27 (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 bits=256/256); Thu, 12 Nov 2026 01:15:38 -0800 (PST) From: Amaan Cheval To: netdev@vger.kernel.org Cc: joshwash@google.com, hramamurthy@google.com, andrew+netdev@lunn.ch, davem@davemloft.net, edumazet@kernel.org, kuba@kernel.org, pabeni@redhat.com, bcf@google.com, jordanrhee@google.com, przemyslaw.kitszel@intel.com, maciej.fijalkowski@intel.com, pkaligineedi@google.com, maolson@google.com, csully@google.com, willemb@google.com, yangchun@google.com, npl@google.com, awogbemila@google.com, shailend@google.com, nktgrg@google.com, maxyuan@google.com, bpf@vger.kernel.org, john.fastabend@gmail.com, hawk@kernel.org, sdf@fomichev.me, daniel@iogearbox.net, ast@kernel.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, stable@vger.kernel.org, Amaan Cheval Subject: [PATCH net v6 2/2] gve: fix RX page refcount overflow from INT_MAX pagecnt_bias Date: Thu, 12 Nov 2026 14:44:51 +0530 Message-ID: <20261112091451.22969-3-amaan.cheval@gmail.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.49.0 In-Reply-To: <20261112091451.22969-1-amaan.cheval@gmail.com> References: <20261112091451.22969-1-amaan.cheval@gmail.com> X-Mailing-List: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: List-Owner: Precedence: list MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit gve's GQI and DQO-QPL RX paths set every RX page's refcount to INT_MAX and hand references to the stack by decrementing page_info->pagecnt_bias, to avoid an atomic op per packet. This leaves no room for anyone else: while a fresh page's buffer sits in an skb its refcount is already INT_MAX, so a single get_page() from the stack overflows it to negative. splice() of received TCP data into a pipe takes such a reference, and the onward splice into a socket then fails: skb_splice_from_iter() sees page_count() < 1, sendpage_ok() fails and the send returns -EIO (since commit 2e910b95329c ("net: Add a function to splice pages into an skbuff for MSG_SPLICE_PAGES")). tee() of the pipe fails with -EFAULT via try_get_page(). On GQI the reuse check gve_rx_can_recycle_buffer() also sees page_count() < pagecnt_bias, WARNs and calls gve_schedule_reset(), so a task that merely pins a fresh RX page (e.g. holds spliced data in an undrained tee() pipe) can reset the NIC. Use USHRT_MAX in a u16, as igb, igc, ixgbe, i40e and hns3 do: the bias only has to make the per-packet atomic rare, so a small value keeps page_count() far below INT_MAX however many references the stack takes. Refill by adding a fixed batch and setting the bias to it, which keeps the rule `references = page_count() - bias` intact. Refilling at 0 hands the driver's last reference to the consumer once every USHRT_MAX handoffs rather than once every INT_MAX, which is only safe because every consumer on these paths holds its reference until the driver has recycled the buffer. The previous patch keeps it that way by blocking XDP on DQO-QPL, so this one depends on it. Trees before 6.17, without commit d8a8ca14c937 ("gve: add XDP_TX and XDP_REDIRECT support for DQ RDA"), still refuse XDP on every format but GQI-QPL in verify_xdp_configuration(), so there this patch stands alone. Reproduced on gVNIC in GQI-QPL mode (GCE n2-standard-8, 6.12) and in DQO-RDA mode (GCE c3-standard-8, 6.12, where DQO-RDA still uses the bias) with the help of relay.py -- a small splice(2) TCP proxy -- relaying a download while the RX ring is refilled with fresh pages: ethtool -G eth0 rx 512 && ethtool -G eth0 rx 1024 # fresh RX pages ./relay.py $HOST 8080 & # splice()s both ways for i in $(seq 200); do curl -so /dev/null \ --connect-to $HOST:80:127.0.0.1:8080 http://$HOST/file; done Most downloads failed with EIO before the fix (tee() with EFAULT) and all completed after it. relay.py is at the Link below. This bug was found and fixed with the help of an AI coding assistant (Claude Code) over an interactive session; it read the driver and splice/pipe code and ran the tests above. Link: https://github.com/amaanc/kernel-bias Fixes: 9b8dd5e5ea48 ("gve: DQO: Add RX path") Fixes: 58401b2a46e7 ("gve: Add rx buffer pagecnt bias") Fixes: 82fd151d38d9 ("gve: Reduce alloc and copy costs in the GQ rx path") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Reviewed-by: Harshitha Ramamurthy Tested-by: Harshitha Ramamurthy Reviewed-by: Maciej Fijalkowski Signed-off-by: Amaan Cheval --- v6: - No change; patch 1/2 changed. v5: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/20261109100437.331423-3-amaan.cheval@gmail.com/ - Name INT_MAX in the subject. No code change; patch 1/2 changed. v4: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/20261106114551.212675-3-amaan.cheval@gmail.com/ - Add patch 1/2, blocking XDP on DQO-QPL, which this fix depends on (Sashiko). Harshitha said Google would send such a patch; I'm happy to drop 1/2 in favour of theirs. - Say "overflow" instead of "headroom" in the subject and the commit message (Maciej). - Use USHRT_MAX directly instead of a GVE_PAGECNT_BIAS macro, as the other drivers do, and move its rationale next to the refill in gve_dec_pagecnt_bias() (Maciej). No functional change. - Added Reviewed-by from Maciej Fijalkowski. - Say which trees need patch 1/2, for stable. v3: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/20261103090651.35399-1-amaan.cheval@gmail.com/ - Refill when the bias reaches 0 again, as in v1. DQO-QPL is not supposed to support XDP at all, and it will be blocked explicitly in a separate patch, so the v2 refill-at-1 change is not needed. - Added Reviewed-by and Tested-by from Harshitha Ramamurthy. v2: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/20261102112613.18334-1-amaan.cheval@gmail.com/ - Refill when the bias reaches 1 instead of 0 so the driver keeps a reference of its own across every handoff. At bias 0 a consumer that returns its reference synchronously, such as an AF_XDP socket in copy mode on an XDP_REDIRECT from DQO-QPL, freed a page still registered in the QPL. - Commit message: explain the refill point, drop the build notes. - Re-tested on 6.12.113 (c3-standard-8, DQO-RDA, which still uses the bias on 6.12): no EIO/EFAULT from splice/tee and no NIC reset after applying the patch. DQO-QPL is untested; I have no access to that hardware. v1: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/20261031173449.2439047-1-amaan.cheval@gmail.com/ Built allmodconfig W=1, no new warnings. drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve.h | 2 +- .../net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_buffer_mgmt_dqo.c | 4 ++-- drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_rx.c | 8 ++++---- drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_utils.c | 12 ++++-------- drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_utils.h | 2 +- 5 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve.h b/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve.h index b7ce6e8632db..18d7edbf4b3b 100644 --- a/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve.h +++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve.h @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ struct gve_rx_slot_page_info { void *page_address; u32 page_offset; /* offset to write to in page */ unsigned int buf_size; - int pagecnt_bias; /* expected pagecnt if only the driver has a ref */ + u16 pagecnt_bias; /* expected pagecnt if only the driver has a ref */ u16 pad; /* adjustment for rx padding */ u8 can_flip; /* tracks if the networking stack is using the page */ }; diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_buffer_mgmt_dqo.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_buffer_mgmt_dqo.c index 6880d1531ba5..52223baf0303 100644 --- a/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_buffer_mgmt_dqo.c +++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_buffer_mgmt_dqo.c @@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ int gve_alloc_qpl_page_dqo(struct gve_rx_ring *rx, buf_state->last_single_ref_offset = 0; /* The page already has 1 ref. */ - page_ref_add(buf_state->page_info.page, INT_MAX - 1); - buf_state->page_info.pagecnt_bias = INT_MAX; + page_ref_add(buf_state->page_info.page, USHRT_MAX - 1); + buf_state->page_info.pagecnt_bias = USHRT_MAX; return 0; } diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_rx.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_rx.c index 81ea800e66e9..3bed19866376 100644 --- a/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_rx.c +++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_rx.c @@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ static void gve_setup_rx_buffer(struct gve_rx_ring *rx, page_info->buf_size = rx->packet_buffer_size; *slot_addr = cpu_to_be64(addr); /* The page already has 1 ref */ - page_ref_add(page, INT_MAX - 1); - page_info->pagecnt_bias = INT_MAX; + page_ref_add(page, USHRT_MAX - 1); + page_info->pagecnt_bias = USHRT_MAX; } static int gve_rx_alloc_buffer(struct gve_priv *priv, struct device *dev, @@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ static int gve_rx_prefill_pages(struct gve_rx_ring *rx, rx->qpl_copy_pool[j].buf_size = rx->packet_buffer_size; /* The page already has 1 ref. */ - page_ref_add(page, INT_MAX - 1); - rx->qpl_copy_pool[j].pagecnt_bias = INT_MAX; + page_ref_add(page, USHRT_MAX - 1); + rx->qpl_copy_pool[j].pagecnt_bias = USHRT_MAX; } } diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_utils.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_utils.c index caed38cd5f2b..930555ac8fe9 100644 --- a/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_utils.c +++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_utils.c @@ -93,15 +93,11 @@ void gve_dec_pagecnt_bias(struct gve_rx_slot_page_info *page_info) { page_info->pagecnt_bias--; if (page_info->pagecnt_bias == 0) { - int pagecount = page_count(page_info->page); - - /* If we have run out of bias - set it back up to INT_MAX - * minus the existing refs. + /* Out of bias: take another batch. USHRT_MAX keeps this rare + * while leaving page_count() far below INT_MAX. */ - page_info->pagecnt_bias = INT_MAX - pagecount; - - /* Set pagecount back up to max. */ - page_ref_add(page_info->page, INT_MAX - pagecount); + page_info->pagecnt_bias = USHRT_MAX; + page_ref_add(page_info->page, USHRT_MAX); } } diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_utils.h b/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_utils.h index bf2e9a0adb36..c686142d37ea 100644 --- a/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_utils.h +++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_utils.h @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ struct sk_buff *gve_rx_copy_data(struct net_device *dev, struct napi_struct *nap struct sk_buff *gve_rx_copy(struct net_device *dev, struct napi_struct *napi, struct gve_rx_slot_page_info *page_info, u16 len); -/* Decrement pagecnt_bias. Set it back to INT_MAX if it reached zero. */ +/* Decrement pagecnt_bias. Top it up by USHRT_MAX if it reached zero. */ void gve_dec_pagecnt_bias(struct gve_rx_slot_page_info *page_info); void gve_add_napi(struct gve_priv *priv, int ntfy_idx, -- 2.47.3