Re: [PATCH v4] mm/page_alloc: avoid direct compaction for costly __GFP_NORETRY allocations

["Vlastimil Babka (SUSE)" <vbabka@kernel.org>]

On 9/4/26 13:56, Salvatore Dipietro wrote:
> Commit 5d8edfb900d5 ("iomap: Copy larger chunks from userspace")
> introduced high-order folio allocations in the iomap buffered write
> path.  When memory is fragmented, each failed costly-order allocation
> enters __alloc_pages_slowpath() which runs direct compaction and
> drain_all_pages(), causing a 0.38x throughput drop on PostgreSQL
> pgbench (simple-update) with 1024 clients on a 96-vCPU arm64 system.
> 
> The root issue is that direct compaction is too expensive for hot
> allocation paths that have fallbacks to smaller allocations.
> __filemap_get_folio_mpol() already marks higher-order allocations with
> __GFP_NORETRY | __GFP_NOWARN, signalling that the caller can handle
> failure.  However, the page allocator still attempts full direct
> compaction for costly orders with __GFP_NORETRY, which is unnecessarily
> aggressive when the caller will simply retry at a lower order.
> 
> For costly-order allocations with __GFP_NORETRY, clear
> __GFP_DIRECT_RECLAIM at the very start of the slowpath, before
> can_direct_reclaim, can_compact and the nofail checks are evaluated.
> This makes the entire slowpath treat the request as non-blocking: no
> direct reclaim, no direct compaction and no drain_all_pages() IPI
> across every CPU. kswapd (and in turn kcompactd) is still woken further
> down for background defragmentation, so compaction keeps working for
> long-term system health while being removed from the latency-critical
> direct allocation path.
> 
> Allocations that also request __GFP_THISNODE are exempted.  That flag
> pairing identifies the local-node-first THP attempt issued by
> alloc_pages_mpol() (mempolicy.c), which relies on direct compaction to
> form transparent huge pages.
> 
> Test environment:
>   Hardware:  AWS EC2 m8g.24xlarge (96 vCPU, arm64)
>              12x 1TB IO2 32000 IOPS RAID0 XFS
>   OS:        AL2023
>   Kernel:    v7.3-rc1
>   Database:  PostgreSQL 18.4
>   Workload:  pgbench simple-update, 1024 clients, 96 threads, 1200s
> 
> Results (average of 3 runs, TPS):
> 
>   Config                   Avg TPS      % vs Baseline
>   baseline (no patch)       59,408       -
>   With this patch          155,409      +161.6%
> 
> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260403193535.9970-1-dipiets@amazon.it/T/#t [v1]
> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20260420161404.642-1-dipiets@amazon.it/T/#u [v2]
> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260710143437.12379-1-dipiets@amazon.it/T/#u [v3]
> Fixes: 5d8edfb900d5 ("iomap: Copy larger chunks from userspace")
> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
> Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
> Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
> Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
> Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
> Cc: Dave Chinner <dgc@kernel.org>
> Cc: Ritesh Harjani <ritesh.list@gmail.com>
> Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
> Cc: linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org
> Cc: linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
> Signed-off-by: Salvatore Dipietro <dipiets@amazon.it>

I guess this will have to do until unlikely(we figure out a better API)...

Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka (SUSE) <vbabka@kernel.org>

> ---
> v4: Clear __GFP_DIRECT_RECLAIM early in the slowpath and exempt
>     __GFP_THISNODE so THP attempt keeps using direct compaction
> v3: Move to mm/page_alloc.c, wake kcompactd instead of avoiding it
> v2: Move from fs/iomap/buffered-io.c to mm/filemap.c
> v1: Avoid compaction in iomap folio allocation
> 
>  mm/page_alloc.c | 18 +++++++++++++++---
>  1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c
> index 12fac9084c48..542c2ec31061 100644
> --- a/mm/page_alloc.c
> +++ b/mm/page_alloc.c
> @@ -4784,10 +4784,10 @@ static inline struct page *
>  __alloc_pages_slowpath(gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order,
>  						struct alloc_context *ac)
>  {
> -	bool can_direct_reclaim = gfp_mask & __GFP_DIRECT_RECLAIM;
> -	bool can_compact = can_direct_reclaim && gfp_compaction_allowed(gfp_mask);
> -	bool nofail = gfp_mask & __GFP_NOFAIL;
>  	const bool costly_order = order > PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER;
> +	bool can_direct_reclaim;
> +	bool can_compact;
> +	bool nofail;
>  	struct page *page = NULL;
>  	unsigned int alloc_flags;
>  	unsigned long did_some_progress;
> @@ -4802,6 +4802,18 @@ __alloc_pages_slowpath(gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order,
>  	bool can_retry_reserves = true;
>  	unsigned long alloc_start_time = jiffies;
>  
> +	/*
> +	 * Costly __GFP_NORETRY callers have a cheap fallback, so don't stall
> +	 * them in reclaim or compaction. __GFP_THISNODE callers are exempt.
> +	 */
> +	if (costly_order && (gfp_mask & __GFP_NORETRY) &&
> +	    !(gfp_mask & __GFP_THISNODE))
> +		gfp_mask &= ~__GFP_DIRECT_RECLAIM;
> +
> +	can_direct_reclaim = gfp_mask & __GFP_DIRECT_RECLAIM;
> +	can_compact = can_direct_reclaim && gfp_compaction_allowed(gfp_mask);
> +	nofail = gfp_mask & __GFP_NOFAIL;
> +
>  	if (unlikely(nofail)) {
>  		/*
>  		 * Also we don't support __GFP_NOFAIL without __GFP_DIRECT_RECLAIM,