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X-MS-Exchange-CrossPremises-SCL: 1 X-MS-Exchange-CrossPremises-Processed-By-Journaling: Journal Agent X-OrganizationHeadersPreserved: PAWP192MB2227.EURP192.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM X-Proofpoint-GUID: jiZRPJ1rM3--CDF9-grZiz2DWMeGnXUy X-Proofpoint-Spam-Info: AW1haW4tMjYwOTI4MDAzOCBTYWx0ZWRfX3QeIAT+gHjv8 54XyhioOMFYY/6QsGl6WYc7YeRacOWSLpzA+gu70pbvOG96X9VpvAaF9V3Eukxd6EpwFGhDgZU8 D7i91JQ+T1XmHHZq/2hBh07EhAhGoas= X-Proofpoint-Spam-Details-Enc: AW1haW4tMjYwOTI4MDAzOCBTYWx0ZWRfX1/4Tv7kFd/TV 2oxizimyewkdMoD6qRZbOyUkbpxMLbUPkQ0bgv2x+HBvZBoaM3RYqLhYi35M3cft7GBopp5nn1H 1EoG4G9alD94PGlgS18dkRXaEM0gG2qP5vHmOOyW9Zwg5WSmIdU3Qz81GTtoJSMlpnWKA4x7Zt6 fxC2M93RLaqZtpabh+3jKdGMV6YZETQelSgjzx0KPZGzTDPXkkcZpYOPn5hgisx6v02OWei/Zjc yzvkdXg7s9IJsIfzS0wAtz5wNgGa2i0Ml2w1CiciRRnFO+7ZJSyrolDmukh9sKPNmF6T0+sBmU0 GhcnYwCxXo3I2swVhxF/vVfImZTajdduQ3mIrLYomteXA+92OQDx/wYNKUaPE3IN4udtmowc2cB xT+PRxmRmq8wcswBoe1Qk2vWAXRoYVn0M5eRPEq4B8HEi+zGoKgEzjSjPCBsXHYpz+aRTwF8kgx pBUBsnq0i1l6pcuNYpg== X-Authority-Analysis: v=2.4 cv=HcqB3SE8 c=1 sm=1 tr=0 ts=6aba3780 cx=c_pps a=MH8iu8xc9gZ8Vt1Au717Nw==:117 a=6eWqkTHjU83fiwn7nKZWdM+Sl24=:19 a=z/mQ4Ysz8XfWz/Q5cLBRGdckG28=:19 a=lCpzRmAYbLLaTzLvsPZ7Mbvzbb8=:19 a=xqWC_Br6kY4A:10 a=kj9zAlcOel0A:10 a=VdqzKS8jKosA:10 a=8gLI3H-aZtYA:10 a=VkNPw1HP01LnGYTKEx00:22 a=tr3XZvuDWTETL0Uaxejn:22 a=WQ4YJ39tjzx_Hbm9pN5v:22 a=_iaupFLGlJWE5yhuUN4A:9 a=CjuIK1q_8ugA:10 X-Proofpoint-ORIG-GUID: jiZRPJ1rM3--CDF9-grZiz2DWMeGnXUy On Fri, Sep 25, 2026 at 08:03:16AM -0700, Jeff Johnson wrote: > On 9/25/2026 7:00 AM, Alexander Wilhelm wrote: > > Based on my research, DFS channels cannot be scanned passively, so I used a > > sniffer to verify that the "directed" probe requests with given SSID were > > actually being transmitted. > > In general that isn't correct. > > For starters, everything related to DFS is gated by regulatory rules. So the > operation of the client device first depends upon whether it is configured for > operation in a given country, or if it is configured for World Mode. > > If configured for World Mode, then initially DFS channels can only be scanned > passively. A client device in World Mode must not transmit on a DFS channel > unless under the control of a master device. To do otherwise violates > regulatory rules in many countries. So the normal process is to perform > passive scan on DFS channels and process Country elements in Beacon frames in > order to determine the country in which the client is operating (aka perform > an 802.11d scan). Then the client can switch from World behavior to > country-specific behavior. > > But even when operating in country-specific mode, whether by the initial > configuration or by processing Country elements, a client cannot transmit on a > DFS channel unless it is under control of a master device. If a client > receives a beacon on a DFS channel, then that channel is considered to be > under control of the master device that sent the beacon, and only at that > point can a client device actively probe/authenticate/associate. > > Further complicating the issue is that some regulatory bodies have rules that > govern under what conditions Country elements can be used to determine the > current operating country. In particular, the FCC has rules which require a > device to maintain all FCC restrictions unless multiple criteria are met (I > don't remember the exact rules but seem to remember that at a minimum there > cannot be any master devices sending beacons with US Country elements and > there must be multiple master devices sending beacons with the same non-US > Country element before the device can be consider to be located in that non-US > country. Hello Jeff, Thanks for the detailed explanation of the DFS/regulatory background. I think that part is fine in my setup: the device is in country mode (DE), a beacon is received on the DFS channel first, and only then the directed probe request is sent, so the regulatory gating works as you describe. My actual problem is one step later: the directed probe request is sent and the hidden AP does answer with a unicast probe response (both confirmed with a sniffer), but with the ath11k driver defaults (n_probes=0) the AP never shows up in scan_results. The only thing that fixed it was retrying the probe in ath11k (ath11k_wmi_start_scan_init): - arg->repeat_probe_time = 0; + arg->repeat_probe_time = 50; + arg->n_probes = 2; What made me think this is the relevant difference: ath10k hardcodes num_probes=3 in the TLV start-scan command (wmi-tlv.c), while ath11k leaves n_probes=0 by default. So ath10k always sends 3 directed probes per channel and ath11k sends the minimum. Is the n_probes=0 default in ath11k intentional? And why is a single received probe response not turned into a scan_results entry, so that only a retry makes the hidden AP appear? Is setting n_probes the right fix here, or is there a preferred wpa_supplicant-side setting? Best regards Alexander Wilhelm