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charset="UTF-8" The memory allocation profiling framework intercepts allocations across the core subsystems, but currently lacks runtime tracing hooks for standard observability tools to dynamically track the context (stack traces and lifecycles of the individual memory chunks) of the allocations made. Introduce three standard trace events to allow this tracking: 1. `alloc_tag_hit`: Fired at the exact call site. This allows userspace tools to trigger and capture a call stack. 2. `alloc_tag_mem_alloced`: Fired in alloc_tag_add upon successful allocation. It records the allocated size, the tag, and the uniquely generated `ptr` value which is `codetag_ref` for slab and percpu allocators and the pointer to the head `struct page` for the page allocator. 3. `alloc_tag_mem_freed`: Fired in alloc_tag_sub right before memory is freed, yielding the same `ptr` value to allow tracing tools to find the corresponding allocation. Because the introduced trace events occur at different stages in the call stack, userspace tracing tools must stitch them together to form a complete picture of a buffer's lifetime. Here's an example of how userspace correlates these three events: 1. On `alloc_tag_hit`: The tool captures the stack trace and caches it, keyed by the combination of the current thread's PID and the `tag`. 2. On `alloc_tag_mem_alloced`: The tool extracts the PID and `tag` from the event and looks up the stack trace cached in step 1. It creates a new active allocation record, mapping the new provided `ptr` value to this cached stack trace and the newly returned allocation size. 3. On `alloc_tag_mem_freed`: When the memory is freed, the event yields the same `ptr` value. The tool uses this reference to look up the original allocation record, correlates the free, and safely retires the tracking entry. Modify `alloc_tag_add()` and `alloc_tag_sub()` with a `ptr` argument to map frees to allocations in the trace events. Slab and percpu pass the address of the object's `codetag_ref`. The page allocator passes the head `struct page` because its `codetag_ref` is a temporary copy on the stack. Also, introduce `alloc_tag_trace_key` static key to minimize the overhead when no tags are being traced (the usual case). Once tracing for any tag is requested, the key is set, opening the path to check whether tracing is enabled for the current tag. Note that the mechanism to enable tag tracing is implemented in the next patch, therefore for now, `alloc_tag_trace_key` stays always unset. Signed-off-by: Abhishek Bapat Acked-by: Hao Ge Acked-by: Suren Baghdasaryan --- Documentation/mm/allocation-profiling.rst | 53 ++++++++++ MAINTAINERS | 1 + include/linux/alloc_tag.h | 69 +++++++++--- include/trace/events/alloc_tag.h | 122 ++++++++++++++++++++++ mm/alloc_tag.c | 28 +++++ mm/page_alloc.c | 4 +- mm/percpu.c | 13 ++- mm/slub.c | 6 +- 8 files changed, 270 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) create mode 100644 include/trace/events/alloc_tag.h diff --git a/Documentation/mm/allocation-profiling.rst b/Documentation/mm/allocation-profiling.rst index b11ea77c0673..b241450394df 100644 --- a/Documentation/mm/allocation-profiling.rst +++ b/Documentation/mm/allocation-profiling.rst @@ -129,6 +129,59 @@ To do so: - Then, use the following form for your allocations: alloc_hooks_tag(ht->your_saved_tag, kmalloc_noprof(...)) +Tracing +======= + +Three trace events are available under `/sys/kernel/tracing/events/alloc_tag` to +expose the full call stack and the lifetime of individual allocations: + +- `alloc_tag_hit`: Fired at the exact call site, before the allocation happens. + Can be used to capture the call stack of the caller. + +- `alloc_tag_mem_alloced`: Fired once the allocation succeeds. Carries the `ptr`, + `tag` and `bytes` for each allocation. + +- `alloc_tag_mem_freed`: Fired before memory is freed. Carries the same + `ptr`, `tag` and `bytes` as the matching alloc event. + +`ptr` identifies the allocation, and its meaning depends on the allocator: + +- slab and percpu: the address of the object's `codetag_ref` +- page allocator: the `struct page` pointer of the head page + +Correlating the events +---------------------- + +`alloc_tag_hit` and `alloc_tag_mem_alloced` come from different points in the +call stack, so they have to be stitched together by the user consuming the +events. Here's a typical flow: + +1. On `alloc_tag_hit`: Capture the stack trace and cache it keyed by `(pid, tag)`. + +2. On `alloc_tag_mem_alloced`: Look up the cached stack trace by `(pid, tag)`, + then create an active allocation record keyed by `ptr` that holds the stack + trace and `bytes`. + +3. On `alloc_tag_mem_freed`: Look up the record by `ptr` and retire it. + +Limitations +----------- + +- For the page allocator, events are generated for the original allocation and + the free only. If the tag reference is split or moved to another folio in + between, no event is generated for that. As a result: + + - a free event may carry a `ptr` that never appeared in an alloc event; + - `bytes` in a free event may be smaller than in the matching alloc event. + + Tools should correlate on `ptr` but must not assume that freed bytes equal + allocated bytes, or that every free has a matching alloc. + +- Freeing a non-compound high-order page with `__free_pages()` while another CPU + holds a reference frees the tail pages immediately and the head page later when + the reference is dropped. The free event is emitted at the second point and + reports `PAGE_SIZE` rather than the full size. + Notes ===== diff --git a/MAINTAINERS b/MAINTAINERS index d63d8b215277..d5969fbf9224 100644 --- a/MAINTAINERS +++ b/MAINTAINERS @@ -17479,6 +17479,7 @@ S: Maintained F: Documentation/mm/allocation-profiling.rst F: include/linux/alloc_tag.h F: include/linux/pgalloc_tag.h +F: include/trace/events/alloc_tag.h F: include/uapi/linux/alloc_tag.h F: mm/alloc_tag.c F: tools/testing/selftests/alloc_tag/ diff --git a/include/linux/alloc_tag.h b/include/linux/alloc_tag.h index 7f2d80a59792..cf8a29d463aa 100644 --- a/include/linux/alloc_tag.h +++ b/include/linux/alloc_tag.h @@ -128,12 +128,33 @@ DECLARE_PER_CPU(struct alloc_tag_counters, _shared_alloc_tag); DECLARE_STATIC_KEY_MAYBE(CONFIG_MEM_ALLOC_PROFILING_ENABLED_BY_DEFAULT, mem_alloc_profiling_key); +DECLARE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(alloc_tag_trace_key); + static inline bool mem_alloc_profiling_enabled(void) { return static_branch_maybe(CONFIG_MEM_ALLOC_PROFILING_ENABLED_BY_DEFAULT, &mem_alloc_profiling_key); } +static inline bool alloc_tag_trace_enabled(void) +{ + return static_branch_unlikely(&alloc_tag_trace_key); +} + +void alloc_tag_trace_mem_alloc(const void *ptr, struct alloc_tag *tag, + size_t bytes); + +void alloc_tag_trace_mem_free(const void *ptr, struct alloc_tag *tag, + size_t bytes); + +void __alloc_tag_trace_hit(struct alloc_tag *tag); + +static __always_inline void alloc_tag_trace_hit(struct alloc_tag *tag) +{ + if (alloc_tag_trace_enabled()) + __alloc_tag_trace_hit(tag); +} + bool mem_alloc_profiling_permanently_disabled(void); static inline struct alloc_tag_counters alloc_tag_read(struct alloc_tag *tag) @@ -198,13 +219,19 @@ static inline bool alloc_tag_ref_set(union codetag_ref *ref, struct alloc_tag *t return true; } -static inline void alloc_tag_add(union codetag_ref *ref, struct alloc_tag *tag, size_t bytes) +static inline void alloc_tag_add(union codetag_ref *ref, struct alloc_tag *tag, size_t bytes, + const void *ptr) { - if (likely(alloc_tag_ref_set(ref, tag))) + if (likely(alloc_tag_ref_set(ref, tag))) { this_cpu_add(tag->counters->bytes, bytes); + + if (alloc_tag_trace_enabled()) + /* Trace successful allocs with their unique ptr */ + alloc_tag_trace_mem_alloc(ptr, tag, bytes); + } } -static inline void alloc_tag_sub(union codetag_ref *ref, size_t bytes) +static inline void alloc_tag_sub(union codetag_ref *ref, size_t bytes, const void *ptr) { struct alloc_tag *tag; @@ -222,6 +249,10 @@ static inline void alloc_tag_sub(union codetag_ref *ref, size_t bytes) this_cpu_sub(tag->counters->bytes, bytes); this_cpu_dec(tag->counters->calls); + if (alloc_tag_trace_enabled()) + /* Trace frees with their unique ptr */ + alloc_tag_trace_mem_free(ptr, tag, bytes); + ref->ct = NULL; } @@ -243,25 +274,29 @@ static inline bool alloc_tag_is_inaccurate(struct alloc_tag *tag) static inline bool mem_alloc_profiling_enabled(void) { return false; } static inline bool mem_alloc_profiling_permanently_disabled(void) { return true; } static inline void alloc_tag_add(union codetag_ref *ref, struct alloc_tag *tag, - size_t bytes) {} -static inline void alloc_tag_sub(union codetag_ref *ref, size_t bytes) {} + size_t bytes, const void *ptr) {} +static inline void alloc_tag_sub(union codetag_ref *ref, size_t bytes, + const void *ptr) {} static inline void alloc_tag_set_inaccurate(struct alloc_tag *tag) {} static inline bool alloc_tag_is_inaccurate(struct alloc_tag *tag) { return false; } -#define alloc_tag_record(p) do {} while (0) +#define alloc_tag_trace_hit(_tag) do {} while (0) +#define alloc_tag_record(p) do {} while (0) #endif /* CONFIG_MEM_ALLOC_PROFILING */ -#define alloc_hooks_tag(_tag, _do_alloc) \ -({ \ - typeof(_do_alloc) _res; \ - if (mem_alloc_profiling_enabled()) { \ - struct alloc_tag * __maybe_unused _old; \ - _old = alloc_tag_save(_tag); \ - _res = _do_alloc; \ - alloc_tag_restore(_tag, _old); \ - } else \ - _res = _do_alloc; \ - _res; \ +#define alloc_hooks_tag(_tag, _do_alloc) \ +({ \ + typeof(_do_alloc) _res; \ + if (mem_alloc_profiling_enabled()) { \ + struct alloc_tag * __maybe_unused _old; \ + /* Fired here to capture the caller's stack trace */ \ + alloc_tag_trace_hit(_tag); \ + _old = alloc_tag_save(_tag); \ + _res = _do_alloc; \ + alloc_tag_restore(_tag, _old); \ + } else \ + _res = _do_alloc; \ + _res; \ }) #define alloc_hooks(_do_alloc) \ diff --git a/include/trace/events/alloc_tag.h b/include/trace/events/alloc_tag.h new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..58d420e64516 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/trace/events/alloc_tag.h @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */ +#undef TRACE_SYSTEM +#define TRACE_SYSTEM alloc_tag + +#if !defined(_TRACE_ALLOC_TAG_H) || defined(TRACE_HEADER_MULTI_READ) +#define _TRACE_ALLOC_TAG_H + +#include + +/* + * alloc_tag_hit is generated at the exact allocation call site and can be + * used to capture a stack trace. + * + * To link this stack trace to the actual allocated memory chunk, tools must + * correlate this event with the resulting alloc_tag_mem_alloced event. Since + * multiple threads can hit the same tag simultaneously, tools must match BOTH + * the `tag` field and the implicitly recorded PID provided by the core + * tracing subsystem. + */ +TRACE_EVENT(alloc_tag_hit, + TP_PROTO(struct alloc_tag *tag), + + TP_ARGS(tag), + + TP_STRUCT__entry(__field(struct alloc_tag *, tag) + __string(modname, tag->ct.modname ? tag->ct.modname : "NONE") + __string(filename, tag->ct.filename) + __string(function, tag->ct.function) + __field(unsigned int, lineno) + ), + + TP_fast_assign(__entry->tag = tag; + __assign_str(modname); + __assign_str(filename); + __assign_str(function); + __entry->lineno = tag->ct.lineno; + ), + + TP_printk("tag %p, module: %s, filename: %s, function %s, lineno %u", + __entry->tag, + __get_str(modname), + __get_str(filename), + __get_str(function), + __entry->lineno + ) +); + +/* + * alloc_tag_mem_alloced is generated after memory is successfully allocated. + * It captures the exact byte size. + * + * The `ptr` value identifies the memory chunk for tracking its lifecycle + * (e.g., matching it with alloc_tag_mem_freed). + * - slab and percpu allocators: address of the object's codetag_ref + * - page allocator: the head struct page of the allocation + * + * Because the kernel isolates active allocations within the task struct + * (current->alloc_tag), this event will always share the same implicit PID as + * its corresponding alloc_tag_hit event. Tools should use the combination + * PID + `tag` to correlate them. + */ +TRACE_EVENT(alloc_tag_mem_alloced, + TP_PROTO(const void *ptr, struct alloc_tag *tag, size_t bytes), + + TP_ARGS(ptr, tag, bytes), + + TP_STRUCT__entry(__field(const void *, ptr) + __field(struct alloc_tag *, tag) + __field(size_t, bytes) + ), + + TP_fast_assign(__entry->ptr = ptr; + __entry->tag = tag; + __entry->bytes = bytes; + ), + + TP_printk("ptr %p, tag %p, bytes %zu", + __entry->ptr, + __entry->tag, + __entry->bytes + ) +); + +/* + * alloc_tag_mem_freed event is generated immediately before memory is + * freed. The `ptr` value matches the one emitted during allocation, + * allowing tools to match it to its corresponding allocation and + * call stack. + * + * Page allocator caveat: Pages can be split or moved to another folio + * after the alloc event with no new events generated for that. As a + * result, a free event may carry a `ptr` that never appeared in an + * alloc event, and the `bytes` may be smaller than in the matching + * alloc event. Tools must not assume alloc bytes == free bytes, nor + * that every free has a matching alloc. + */ +TRACE_EVENT(alloc_tag_mem_freed, + TP_PROTO(const void *ptr, struct alloc_tag *tag, size_t bytes), + + TP_ARGS(ptr, tag, bytes), + + TP_STRUCT__entry(__field(const void *, ptr) + __field(struct alloc_tag *, tag) + __field(size_t, bytes) + ), + + TP_fast_assign(__entry->ptr = ptr; + __entry->tag = tag; + __entry->bytes = bytes; + ), + + TP_printk("ptr %p, tag %p, bytes %zu", + __entry->ptr, + __entry->tag, + __entry->bytes + ) +); + +#endif /* _TRACE_ALLOC_TAG_H */ + +/* This part must be outside protection */ +#include diff --git a/mm/alloc_tag.c b/mm/alloc_tag.c index 82e2c3448dcf..ca2412a67312 100644 --- a/mm/alloc_tag.c +++ b/mm/alloc_tag.c @@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ #include #include +#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS +#include + #include "internal.h" #include "page_alloc.h" @@ -54,6 +57,9 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(mem_alloc_profiling_key); DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(mem_profiling_compressed); +DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(alloc_tag_trace_key); +EXPORT_SYMBOL(alloc_tag_trace_key); + struct alloc_tag_kernel_section kernel_tags = { NULL, 0 }; unsigned long alloc_tag_ref_mask; int alloc_tag_ref_offs; @@ -484,6 +490,28 @@ static const struct proc_ops allocinfo_proc_ops = { #endif }; +void __alloc_tag_trace_hit(struct alloc_tag *tag) +{ + if (unlikely(!tag)) + return; + trace_alloc_tag_hit(tag); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL(__alloc_tag_trace_hit); + +void alloc_tag_trace_mem_alloc(const void *ptr, struct alloc_tag *tag, + size_t bytes) +{ + trace_alloc_tag_mem_alloced(ptr, tag, bytes); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL(alloc_tag_trace_mem_alloc); + +void alloc_tag_trace_mem_free(const void *ptr, struct alloc_tag *tag, + size_t bytes) +{ + trace_alloc_tag_mem_freed(ptr, tag, bytes); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL(alloc_tag_trace_mem_free); + size_t alloc_tag_top_users(struct codetag_bytes *tags, size_t count, bool can_sleep) { struct codetag_iterator iter; diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c index 15ff5c1feef4..d6b1f4cf7b85 100644 --- a/mm/page_alloc.c +++ b/mm/page_alloc.c @@ -1255,7 +1255,7 @@ void __pgalloc_tag_add(struct page *page, struct task_struct *task, union codetag_ref ref; if (likely(get_page_tag_ref(page, &ref, &handle))) { - alloc_tag_add(&ref, task->alloc_tag, PAGE_SIZE * nr); + alloc_tag_add(&ref, task->alloc_tag, PAGE_SIZE * nr, page); update_page_tag_ref(handle, &ref); put_page_tag_ref(handle); } else { @@ -1284,7 +1284,7 @@ void __pgalloc_tag_sub(struct page *page, unsigned int nr) union codetag_ref ref; if (get_page_tag_ref(page, &ref, &handle)) { - alloc_tag_sub(&ref, PAGE_SIZE * nr); + alloc_tag_sub(&ref, PAGE_SIZE * nr, page); update_page_tag_ref(handle, &ref); put_page_tag_ref(handle); } diff --git a/mm/percpu.c b/mm/percpu.c index b22a16980f64..9308d9b32a27 100644 --- a/mm/percpu.c +++ b/mm/percpu.c @@ -1696,17 +1696,20 @@ static void pcpu_alloc_tag_alloc_hook(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, int off, size_t full_size) { if (mem_alloc_profiling_enabled() && likely(chunk->obj_exts)) { - alloc_tag_add(&chunk->obj_exts[off >> PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SHIFT].tag, - current->alloc_tag, full_size); + union codetag_ref *ref = &chunk->obj_exts[off >> PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SHIFT].tag; + + alloc_tag_add(ref, current->alloc_tag, full_size, ref); } } static void pcpu_alloc_tag_free_hook(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, int off, size_t full_size) { - if (mem_alloc_profiling_enabled() && likely(chunk->obj_exts)) - alloc_tag_sub(&chunk->obj_exts[off >> PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SHIFT].tag, - full_size); + if (mem_alloc_profiling_enabled() && likely(chunk->obj_exts)) { + union codetag_ref *ref = &chunk->obj_exts[off >> PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SHIFT].tag; + + alloc_tag_sub(ref, full_size, ref); + } } #else static void pcpu_alloc_tag_alloc_hook(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, int off, diff --git a/mm/slub.c b/mm/slub.c index cbc51440b3d9..a151268b9726 100644 --- a/mm/slub.c +++ b/mm/slub.c @@ -2436,7 +2436,7 @@ __alloc_tagging_slab_alloc_hook(struct kmem_cache *s, void *object, gfp_t flags, obj_ext = slab_obj_ext(s, slab, obj_exts, object); ref = slab_obj_ext_codetag_ref(slab, obj_ext); - alloc_tag_add(ref, current->alloc_tag, s->size); + alloc_tag_add(ref, current->alloc_tag, s->size, ref); put_slab_obj_exts(obj_exts); } else { @@ -2476,9 +2476,11 @@ __alloc_tagging_slab_free_hook(struct kmem_cache *s, struct slab *slab, void **p get_slab_obj_exts(obj_exts); for (int i = 0; i < objects; i++) { struct slabobj_ext *ext; + union codetag_ref *ref; ext = slab_obj_ext(s, slab, obj_exts, p[i]); - alloc_tag_sub(slab_obj_ext_codetag_ref(slab, ext), s->size); + ref = slab_obj_ext_codetag_ref(slab, ext); + alloc_tag_sub(ref, s->size, ref); } put_slab_obj_exts(obj_exts); } -- 2.56.0.506.g506a7eabc5-goog