* [PATCH v20 1/6] lib: introduce hierarchical per-cpu counters
2026-07-07 13:15 [PATCH v20 0/6] Hierarchical Percpu Counters for RSS Mathieu Desnoyers
@ 2026-07-07 13:15 ` Mathieu Desnoyers
2026-07-07 13:15 ` [PATCH v20 2/6] lib: test " Mathieu Desnoyers
` (5 subsequent siblings)
6 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Mathieu Desnoyers @ 2026-07-07 13:15 UTC (permalink / raw)
Cc: linux-kernel, Mathieu Desnoyers, Paul E. McKenney,
Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu, Dennis Zhou, Tejun Heo,
Christoph Lameter, Martin Liu, David Rientjes, christian.koenig,
Shakeel Butt, SeongJae Park, Michal Hocko, Johannes Weiner,
Sweet Tea Dorminy, Lorenzo Stoakes, Liam R . Howlett,
Mike Rapoport, Suren Baghdasaryan, Vlastimil Babka,
Christian Brauner, Wei Yang, David Hildenbrand, Miaohe Lin,
Al Viro, Yu Zhao, Roman Gushchin, Mateusz Guzik, Matthew Wilcox,
Baolin Wang, Aboorva Devarajan, David Carlier, Josh Law,
Andrew Morton
[-- Warning: decoded text below may be mangled, UTF-8 assumed --]
[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain; charset=Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>, Size: 51219 bytes --]
Patch series "Improve proc RSS accuracy", v18.
This series introduces the hierarchical tree counter (hpcc) to increase
accuracy of approximated RSS counters exposed through proc interfaces.
With a test program hopping across CPUs doing frequent mmap/munmap
operations, the upstream implementation approximation reaches a 1GB delta
from the precise value after a few minutes, compared to a 80MB delta with
the hierarchical counter. The hierarchical counter provides a guaranteed
maximum approximation inaccuracy of 192MB on that hardware topology.
This patch (of 3):
* Motivation
The purpose of this hierarchical split-counter scheme is to:
- Minimize contention when incrementing and decrementing counters,
- Provide fast access to a sum approximation,
- Provide a sum approximation with an acceptable accuracy level when
scaling to many-core systems.
- Provide approximate and precise comparison of two counters, and
between a counter and a value.
- Provide possible precise sum ranges for a given sum approximation.
Its goals are twofold:
- Improve the accuracy of the approximated RSS counter values returned
by proc interfaces [1],
- Reduce the latency of the OOM killer on large many-core systems.
* Design
The hierarchical per-CPU counters propagate a sum approximation through a
N-way tree. When reaching the batch size, the carry is propagated through
a binary tree which consists of logN(nr_cpu_ids) levels. The batch size
for each level is twice the batch size of the prior level.
Example propagation diagram with 8 cpus through a binary tree:
Level 0: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
| / | / | / | /
| / | / | / | /
| / | / | / | /
Level 1: 0 1 2 3
| / | /
| / | /
| / | /
Level 2: 0 1
| /
| /
| /
Level 3: 0
For a binary tree, the maximum inaccuracy is bound by:
batch_size * log2(nr_cpu_ids) * nr_cpu_ids
which evolves with O(n*log(n)) as the number of CPUs increases.
For a N-way tree, the maximum inaccuracy can be pre-calculated based on
the the N-arity of each level and the batch size.
* Memory Use
The most important parts in terms of memory use are the per-cpu counters
and the tree items which propagate the carry.
In the proposed implementation, the per-cpu counters are allocated within
per-cpu data structures, so they end up using:
nr_possible_cpus * sizeof(unsigned long)
This is in addition to the tree items. The size of those items is defined
by the per_nr_cpu_order_config table "nr_items" field. Each item is
aligned on cacheline size (typically 64 bytes) to minimize false sharing.
Here is the footprint for a few nr_cpu_ids on a 64-bit arch:
nr_cpu_ids percpu counters (bytes) nr_items items size (bytes) total (bytes)
2 16 1 64 80
4 32 3 192 224
8 64 7 448 512
64 512 21 1344 1856
128 1024 21 1344 2368
256 2048 37 2368 4416
512 4096 73 4672 8768
There are of course various trade offs we can make here. We can:
* Increase the n-arity of the intermediate items to shrink the nr_items
required for a given nr_cpus. This will increase contention of carry
propagation across more cores.
* Remove cacheline alignment of intermediate tree items. This will
shrink the memory needed for tree items, but will increase false
sharing.
* Represent intermediate tree items on a byte rather than long.
This further reduces the memory required for intermediate tree
items, but further increases false sharing.
* Represent per-cpu counters on bytes rather than long. This makes
the "sum" operation trickier, because it needs to iterate on the
intermediate carry propagation nodes as well and synchronize with
ongoing "tree add" operations. It further reduces memory use.
* Implement a custom strided allocator for intermediate items carry
propagation bytes. This shares cachelines across different tree
instances, keeping good locality. This ensures that all accesses
from a given location in the machine topology touch the same
cacheline for the various tree instances. This adds complexity,
but provides compactness as well as minimal false-sharing.
Compared to this, the upstream percpu counters use a 32-bit integer
per-cpu (4 bytes), and accumulate within a 64-bit global value.
So there is an extra memory footprint added by the current hpcc
implementation, but if it's an issue we have various options to consider
to reduce its footprint.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20260227153730.1556542-1-mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20250331223516.7810-2-sweettea-kernel@dorminy.me/ # [1]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20260227153730.1556542-2-mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@kernel.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Cc: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Cc: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Martin Liu <liumartin@google.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: christian.koenig@amd.com
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Cc: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Sweet Tea Dorminy <sweettea-kernel@dorminy.me>
Cc: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Cc: "Liam R . Howlett" <liam.howlett@oracle.com>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Cc: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: Mateusz Guzik <mjguzik@gmail.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: Aboorva Devarajan <aboorvad@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: David Carlier <devnexen@gmail.com>
Cc: Josh Law <objecting@objecting.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
---
.../core-api/percpu-counter-tree.rst | 75 ++
include/linux/mm_types.h | 4 +-
include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h | 367 +++++++++
init/main.c | 2 +
lib/Makefile | 1 +
lib/percpu_counter_tree.c | 702 ++++++++++++++++++
6 files changed, 1149 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 Documentation/core-api/percpu-counter-tree.rst
create mode 100644 include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h
create mode 100644 lib/percpu_counter_tree.c
diff --git a/Documentation/core-api/percpu-counter-tree.rst b/Documentation/core-api/percpu-counter-tree.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..196da056e7b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/core-api/percpu-counter-tree.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+========================================
+The Hierarchical Per-CPU Counters (HPCC)
+========================================
+
+:Author: Mathieu Desnoyers
+
+Introduction
+============
+
+Counters come in many varieties, each with their own trade offs:
+
+ * A global atomic counter provides a fast read access to the current
+ sum, at the expense of cache-line bouncing on updates. This leads to
+ poor performance of frequent updates from various cores on large SMP
+ systems.
+
+ * A per-cpu split counter provides fast updates to per-cpu counters,
+ at the expense of a slower aggregation (sum). The sum operation needs
+ to iterate over all per-cpu counters to calculate the current total.
+
+The hierarchical per-cpu counters attempt to provide the best of both
+worlds (fast updates, and fast sum) by relaxing requirements on the sum
+accuracy. It allows quickly querying an approximated sum value, along
+with the possible min/max ranges of the associated precise sum. The
+exact precise sum can still be calculated with an iteration on all
+per-cpu counter, but the availability of an approximated sum value with
+possible precise sum min/max ranges allows eliminating candidates which
+are certainly outside of a known target range without the overhead of
+precise sums.
+
+Overview
+========
+
+The herarchical per-cpu counters are organized as a tree with the tree
+root at the bottom (last level) and the first level of the tree
+consisting of per-cpu counters.
+
+The intermediate tree levels contain carry propagation counters. When
+reaching a threshold (batch size), the carry is propagated down the
+tree.
+
+This allows reading an approximated value at the root, which has a
+bounded accuracy (minimum/maximum possible precise sum range) determined
+by the tree topology.
+
+Use Cases
+=========
+
+Use cases HPCC is meant to handle invove tracking resources which are
+used across many CPUs to quickly sum as feedback for decision making to
+apply throttling, quota limits, sort tasks, and perform memory or task
+migration decisions. When considering approximated sums within the
+accuracy range of the decision threshold, the user can either:
+
+ * Be conservative and fast: Consider that the sum has reached the
+ limit as soon as the given limit is within the approximation range.
+
+ * Be aggressive and fast: Consider that the sum is over the
+ limit only when the approximation range is over the given limit.
+
+ * Be precise and slow: Do a precise comparison with the limit, which
+ requires a precise sum when the limit is within the approximated
+ range.
+
+One use-case for these hierarchical counters is to implement a two-pass
+algorithm to speed up sorting picking a maximum/minimunm sum value from
+a set. A first pass compares the approximated values, and then a second
+pass only needs the precise sum for counter trees which are within the
+possible precise sum range of the counter tree chosen by the first pass.
+
+Functions and structures
+========================
+
+.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h
+.. kernel-doc:: lib/percpu_counter_tree.c
diff --git a/include/linux/mm_types.h b/include/linux/mm_types.h
index b18c2b2e7d2c..00eb86f38183 100644
--- a/include/linux/mm_types.h
+++ b/include/linux/mm_types.h
@@ -1447,8 +1447,8 @@ static inline void __mm_flags_set_mask_bits_word(struct mm_struct *mm,
MT_FLAGS_USE_RCU)
extern struct mm_struct init_mm;
-#define MM_STRUCT_FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_INIT \
-{ \
+#define MM_STRUCT_FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_INIT \
+{ \
[0 ... sizeof(cpumask_t) + MM_CID_STATIC_SIZE - 1] = 0 \
}
diff --git a/include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h b/include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..828c763edd4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ OR MIT */
+/* SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com> */
+
+#ifndef _PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_H
+#define _PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_H
+
+#include <linux/preempt.h>
+#include <linux/atomic.h>
+#include <linux/percpu.h>
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
+
+#if NR_CPUS == (1U << 0)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 0
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 1)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 1
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 2)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 3
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 3)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 7
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 4)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 7
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 5)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 11
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 6)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 21
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 7)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 21
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 8)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 37
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 9)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 73
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 10)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 149
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 11)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 293
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 12)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 585
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 13)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 1173
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 14)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 2341
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 15)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 4681
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 16)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 4681
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 17)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 8777
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 18)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 17481
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 19)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 34953
+#elif NR_CPUS <= (1U << 20)
+# define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS 69905
+#else
+# error "Unsupported number of CPUs."
+#endif
+
+struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item {
+ atomic_long_t count; /*
+ * Count the number of carry for this tree item.
+ * The carry counter is kept at the order of the
+ * carry accounted for at this tree level.
+ */
+} ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;
+
+#define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_ITEMS_STATIC_SIZE \
+ (PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS * sizeof(struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item))
+
+struct percpu_counter_tree {
+ /* Fast-path fields. */
+ unsigned long __percpu *level0; /* Pointer to per-CPU split counters (tree level 0). */
+ unsigned long level0_bit_mask; /* Bit mask to apply to detect carry propagation from tree level 0. */
+ union {
+ unsigned long *i; /* Approximate sum for single-CPU topology. */
+ atomic_long_t *a; /* Approximate sum for SMP topology. */
+ } approx_sum;
+ long bias; /* Bias to apply to counter precise and approximate values. */
+
+ /* Slow-path fields. */
+ struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *items; /* Array of tree items for levels 1 to N. */
+ unsigned long batch_size; /*
+ * The batch size is the increment step at level 0 which
+ * triggers a carry propagation. The batch size is required
+ * to be greater than 1, and a power of 2.
+ */
+ /*
+ * The tree approximate sum is guaranteed to be within this accuracy range:
+ * (precise_sum - approx_accuracy_range.under) <= approx_sum <= (precise_sum + approx_accuracy_range.over).
+ * This accuracy is derived from the hardware topology and the tree batch_size.
+ * The "under" accuracy is larger than the "over" accuracy because the negative range of a
+ * two's complement signed integer is one unit larger than the positive range. This delta
+ * is summed for each tree item, which leads to a significantly larger "under" accuracy range
+ * compared to the "over" accuracy range.
+ */
+ struct {
+ unsigned long under;
+ unsigned long over;
+ } approx_accuracy_range;
+};
+
+size_t percpu_counter_tree_items_size(void);
+int percpu_counter_tree_init_many(struct percpu_counter_tree *counters, struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *items,
+ unsigned int nr_counters, unsigned long batch_size, gfp_t gfp_flags);
+int percpu_counter_tree_init(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *items,
+ unsigned long batch_size, gfp_t gfp_flags);
+void percpu_counter_tree_destroy_many(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, unsigned int nr_counters);
+void percpu_counter_tree_destroy(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter);
+void percpu_counter_tree_add(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, long inc);
+long percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter);
+int percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare(struct percpu_counter_tree *a, struct percpu_counter_tree *b);
+int percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare_value(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, long v);
+int percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare(struct percpu_counter_tree *a, struct percpu_counter_tree *b);
+int percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare_value(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, long v);
+void percpu_counter_tree_set(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, long v);
+int percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init(void);
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum() - Return approximate counter sum.
+ * @counter: The counter to sum.
+ *
+ * Querying the approximate sum is fast, but it is only accurate within
+ * the bounds delimited by percpu_counter_tree_approximate_accuracy_range().
+ * This is meant to be used when speed is preferred over accuracy.
+ *
+ * Return: The current approximate counter sum.
+ */
+static inline
+long percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter)
+{
+ unsigned long v;
+
+ if (!counter->level0_bit_mask)
+ v = READ_ONCE(*counter->approx_sum.i);
+ else
+ v = atomic_long_read(counter->approx_sum.a);
+ return (long) (v + (unsigned long)READ_ONCE(counter->bias));
+}
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_approximate_accuracy_range - Query the accuracy range for a counter tree.
+ * @counter: Counter to query.
+ * @under: Pointer to a variable to be incremented of the approximation
+ * accuracy range below the precise sum.
+ * @over: Pointer to a variable to be incremented of the approximation
+ * accuracy range above the precise sum.
+ *
+ * Query the accuracy range limits for the counter.
+ * Because of two's complement binary representation, the "under" range is typically
+ * slightly larger than the "over" range.
+ * Those values are derived from the hardware topology and the counter tree batch size.
+ * They are invariant for a given counter tree.
+ * Using this function should not be typically required, see the following functions instead:
+ * * percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare(),
+ * * percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare_value(),
+ * * percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare(),
+ * * percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare_value().
+ */
+static inline
+void percpu_counter_tree_approximate_accuracy_range(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter,
+ unsigned long *under, unsigned long *over)
+{
+ *under += counter->approx_accuracy_range.under;
+ *over += counter->approx_accuracy_range.over;
+}
+
+#else /* !CONFIG_SMP */
+
+#define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_ITEMS_STATIC_SIZE 0
+
+struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item;
+
+struct percpu_counter_tree {
+ atomic_long_t count;
+};
+
+static inline
+size_t percpu_counter_tree_items_size(void)
+{
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static inline
+int percpu_counter_tree_init_many(struct percpu_counter_tree *counters, struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *items,
+ unsigned int nr_counters, unsigned long batch_size, gfp_t gfp_flags)
+{
+ for (unsigned int i = 0; i < nr_counters; i++)
+ atomic_long_set(&counters[i].count, 0);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static inline
+int percpu_counter_tree_init(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *items,
+ unsigned long batch_size, gfp_t gfp_flags)
+{
+ return percpu_counter_tree_init_many(counter, items, 1, batch_size, gfp_flags);
+}
+
+static inline
+void percpu_counter_tree_destroy_many(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, unsigned int nr_counters)
+{
+}
+
+static inline
+void percpu_counter_tree_destroy(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter)
+{
+}
+
+static inline
+long percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter)
+{
+ return atomic_long_read(&counter->count);
+}
+
+static inline
+int percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare(struct percpu_counter_tree *a, struct percpu_counter_tree *b)
+{
+ long count_a = percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(a),
+ count_b = percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(b);
+
+ if (count_a == count_b)
+ return 0;
+ if (count_a < count_b)
+ return -1;
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static inline
+int percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare_value(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, long v)
+{
+ long count = percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(counter);
+
+ if (count == v)
+ return 0;
+ if (count < v)
+ return -1;
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static inline
+int percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare(struct percpu_counter_tree *a, struct percpu_counter_tree *b)
+{
+ return percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare(a, b);
+}
+
+static inline
+int percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare_value(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, long v)
+{
+ return percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare_value(counter, v);
+}
+
+static inline
+void percpu_counter_tree_set(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, long v)
+{
+ atomic_long_set(&counter->count, v);
+}
+
+static inline
+void percpu_counter_tree_approximate_accuracy_range(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter,
+ unsigned long *under, unsigned long *over)
+{
+}
+
+static inline
+void percpu_counter_tree_add(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, long inc)
+{
+ atomic_long_add(inc, &counter->count);
+}
+
+static inline
+long percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter)
+{
+ return percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(counter);
+}
+
+static inline
+int percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init(void)
+{
+ return 0;
+}
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_SMP */
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum_positive() - Return a positive approximate counter sum.
+ * @counter: The counter to sum.
+ *
+ * Return an approximate counter sum which is guaranteed to be greater
+ * or equal to 0.
+ *
+ * Return: The current positive approximate counter sum.
+ */
+static inline
+long percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum_positive(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter)
+{
+ long v = percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum(counter);
+ return v > 0 ? v : 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum_positive() - Return a positive precise counter sum.
+ * @counter: The counter to sum.
+ *
+ * Return a precise counter sum which is guaranteed to be greater
+ * or equal to 0.
+ *
+ * Return: The current positive precise counter sum.
+ */
+static inline
+long percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum_positive(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter)
+{
+ long v = percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(counter);
+ return v > 0 ? v : 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_approximate_min_max_range() - Return the approximation min and max precise values.
+ * @approx_sum: Approximated sum.
+ * @under: Tree accuracy range (under).
+ * @over: Tree accuracy range (over).
+ * @precise_min: Minimum possible value for precise sum (output).
+ * @precise_max: Maximum possible value for precise sum (output).
+ *
+ * Calculate the minimum and maximum precise values for a given
+ * approximation and (under, over) accuracy range.
+ *
+ * The range of the approximation as a function of the precise sum is expressed as:
+ *
+ * approx_sum >= precise_sum - approx_accuracy_range.under
+ * approx_sum <= precise_sum + approx_accuracy_range.over
+ *
+ * Therefore, the range of the precise sum as a function of the approximation is expressed as:
+ *
+ * precise_sum <= approx_sum + approx_accuracy_range.under
+ * precise_sum >= approx_sum - approx_accuracy_range.over
+ */
+static inline
+void percpu_counter_tree_approximate_min_max_range(long approx_sum, unsigned long under, unsigned long over,
+ long *precise_min, long *precise_max)
+{
+ *precise_min = approx_sum - over;
+ *precise_max = approx_sum + under;
+}
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_approximate_min_max() - Return the tree approximation, min and max possible precise values.
+ * @counter: The counter to sum.
+ * @approx_sum: Approximate sum (output).
+ * @precise_min: Minimum possible value for precise sum (output).
+ * @precise_max: Maximum possible value for precise sum (output).
+ *
+ * Return the approximate sum, minimum and maximum precise values for
+ * a counter.
+ */
+static inline
+void percpu_counter_tree_approximate_min_max(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter,
+ long *approx_sum, long *precise_min, long *precise_max)
+{
+ unsigned long under = 0, over = 0;
+ long v = percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum(counter);
+
+ percpu_counter_tree_approximate_accuracy_range(counter, &under, &over);
+ percpu_counter_tree_approximate_min_max_range(v, under, over, precise_min, precise_max);
+ *approx_sum = v;
+}
+
+#endif /* _PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_H */
diff --git a/init/main.c b/init/main.c
index e363232b428b..8581ea542cde 100644
--- a/init/main.c
+++ b/init/main.c
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@
#include <linux/time_namespace.h>
#include <linux/unaligned.h>
#include <linux/vdso_datastore.h>
+#include <linux/percpu_counter_tree.h>
#include <net/net_namespace.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
@@ -1031,6 +1032,7 @@ void start_kernel(void)
vfs_caches_init_early();
sort_main_extable();
trap_init();
+ percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init();
mm_core_init();
maple_tree_init();
poking_init();
diff --git a/lib/Makefile b/lib/Makefile
index 7f75cc6edf94..51772d8d70f7 100644
--- a/lib/Makefile
+++ b/lib/Makefile
@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_TEXTSEARCH_KMP) += ts_kmp.o
obj-$(CONFIG_TEXTSEARCH_BM) += ts_bm.o
obj-$(CONFIG_TEXTSEARCH_FSM) += ts_fsm.o
obj-$(CONFIG_SMP) += percpu_counter.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_SMP) += percpu_counter_tree.o
obj-$(CONFIG_AUDIT_GENERIC) += audit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_AUDIT_COMPAT_GENERIC) += compat_audit.o
diff --git a/lib/percpu_counter_tree.c b/lib/percpu_counter_tree.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5c8fc2dcdc16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/percpu_counter_tree.c
@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ OR MIT
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
+
+/*
+ * Split Counters With Tree Approximation Propagation
+ *
+ * * Propagation diagram when reaching batch size thresholds (± batch size):
+ *
+ * Example diagram for 8 CPUs:
+ *
+ * log2(8) = 3 levels
+ *
+ * At each level, each pair propagates its values to the next level when
+ * reaching the batch size thresholds.
+ *
+ * Counters at levels 0, 1, 2 can be kept on a single byte ([-128 .. +127] range),
+ * although it may be relevant to keep them on "long" counters for
+ * simplicity. (complexity vs memory footprint tradeoff)
+ *
+ * Counter at level 3 can be kept on a "long" counter.
+ *
+ * Level 0: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+ * | / | / | / | /
+ * | / | / | / | /
+ * | / | / | / | /
+ * Level 1: 0 1 2 3
+ * | / | /
+ * | / | /
+ * | / | /
+ * Level 2: 0 1
+ * | /
+ * | /
+ * | /
+ * Level 3: 0
+ *
+ * * Approximation accuracy:
+ *
+ * BATCH(level N): Level N batch size.
+ *
+ * Example for BATCH(level 0) = 32.
+ *
+ * BATCH(level 0) = 32
+ * BATCH(level 1) = 64
+ * BATCH(level 2) = 128
+ * BATCH(level N) = BATCH(level 0) * 2^N
+ *
+ * per-counter global
+ * accuracy accuracy
+ * Level 0: [ -32 .. +31] ±256 (8 * 32)
+ * Level 1: [ -64 .. +63] ±256 (4 * 64)
+ * Level 2: [-128 .. +127] ±256 (2 * 128)
+ * Total: ------ ±768 (log2(nr_cpu_ids) * BATCH(level 0) * nr_cpu_ids)
+ *
+ * Note that the global accuracy can be calculated more precisely
+ * by taking into account that the positive accuracy range is
+ * 31 rather than 32.
+ *
+ * -----
+ *
+ * Approximate Sum Carry Propagation
+ *
+ * Let's define a number of counter bits for each level, e.g.:
+ *
+ * log2(BATCH(level 0)) = log2(32) = 5
+ * Let's assume, for this example, a 32-bit architecture (sizeof(long) == 4).
+ *
+ * nr_bit value_mask range
+ * Level 0: 5 bits v 0 .. +31
+ * Level 1: 1 bit (v & ~((1UL << 5) - 1)) 0 .. +63
+ * Level 2: 1 bit (v & ~((1UL << 6) - 1)) 0 .. +127
+ * Level 3: 25 bits (v & ~((1UL << 7) - 1)) 0 .. 2^32-1
+ *
+ * Note: Use a "long" per-cpu counter at level 0 to allow precise sum.
+ *
+ * Note: Use cacheline aligned counters at levels above 0 to prevent false sharing.
+ * If memory footprint is an issue, a specialized allocator could be used
+ * to eliminate padding.
+ *
+ * Example with expanded values:
+ *
+ * counter_add(counter, inc):
+ *
+ * if (!inc)
+ * return;
+ *
+ * res = percpu_add_return(counter @ Level 0, inc);
+ * orig = res - inc;
+ * if (inc < 0) {
+ * inc = -(-inc & ~0b00011111); // Clear used bits
+ * // xor bit 5: underflow
+ * if ((inc ^ orig ^ res) & 0b00100000)
+ * inc -= 0b00100000;
+ * } else {
+ * inc &= ~0b00011111; // Clear used bits
+ * // xor bit 5: overflow
+ * if ((inc ^ orig ^ res) & 0b00100000)
+ * inc += 0b00100000;
+ * }
+ * if (!inc)
+ * return;
+ *
+ * res = atomic_long_add_return(counter @ Level 1, inc);
+ * orig = res - inc;
+ * if (inc < 0) {
+ * inc = -(-inc & ~0b00111111); // Clear used bits
+ * // xor bit 6: underflow
+ * if ((inc ^ orig ^ res) & 0b01000000)
+ * inc -= 0b01000000;
+ * } else {
+ * inc &= ~0b00111111; // Clear used bits
+ * // xor bit 6: overflow
+ * if ((inc ^ orig ^ res) & 0b01000000)
+ * inc += 0b01000000;
+ * }
+ * if (!inc)
+ * return;
+ *
+ * res = atomic_long_add_return(counter @ Level 2, inc);
+ * orig = res - inc;
+ * if (inc < 0) {
+ * inc = -(-inc & ~0b01111111); // Clear used bits
+ * // xor bit 7: underflow
+ * if ((inc ^ orig ^ res) & 0b10000000)
+ * inc -= 0b10000000;
+ * } else {
+ * inc &= ~0b01111111; // Clear used bits
+ * // xor bit 7: overflow
+ * if ((inc ^ orig ^ res) & 0b10000000)
+ * inc += 0b10000000;
+ * }
+ * if (!inc)
+ * return;
+ *
+ * atomic_long_add(counter @ Level 3, inc);
+ */
+
+#include <linux/percpu_counter_tree.h>
+#include <linux/cpumask.h>
+#include <linux/atomic.h>
+#include <linux/export.h>
+#include <linux/percpu.h>
+#include <linux/errno.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/math.h>
+
+#define MAX_NR_LEVELS 5
+
+/*
+ * The counter configuration is selected at boot time based on the
+ * hardware topology.
+ */
+struct counter_config {
+ unsigned int nr_items; /*
+ * nr_items is the number of items in the tree for levels 1
+ * up to and including the final level (approximate sum).
+ * It excludes the level 0 per-CPU counters.
+ */
+ unsigned char nr_levels; /*
+ * nr_levels is the number of hierarchical counter tree levels.
+ * It excludes the final level (approximate sum).
+ */
+ unsigned char n_arity_order[MAX_NR_LEVELS]; /*
+ * n-arity of tree nodes for each level from
+ * 0 to (nr_levels - 1).
+ */
+};
+
+static const struct counter_config per_nr_cpu_order_config[] = {
+ [0] = { .nr_items = 0, .nr_levels = 0, .n_arity_order = { 0 } },
+ [1] = { .nr_items = 1, .nr_levels = 1, .n_arity_order = { 1 } },
+ [2] = { .nr_items = 3, .nr_levels = 2, .n_arity_order = { 1, 1 } },
+ [3] = { .nr_items = 7, .nr_levels = 3, .n_arity_order = { 1, 1, 1 } },
+ [4] = { .nr_items = 7, .nr_levels = 3, .n_arity_order = { 2, 1, 1 } },
+ [5] = { .nr_items = 11, .nr_levels = 3, .n_arity_order = { 2, 2, 1 } },
+ [6] = { .nr_items = 21, .nr_levels = 3, .n_arity_order = { 2, 2, 2 } },
+ [7] = { .nr_items = 21, .nr_levels = 3, .n_arity_order = { 3, 2, 2 } },
+ [8] = { .nr_items = 37, .nr_levels = 3, .n_arity_order = { 3, 3, 2 } },
+ [9] = { .nr_items = 73, .nr_levels = 3, .n_arity_order = { 3, 3, 3 } },
+ [10] = { .nr_items = 149, .nr_levels = 4, .n_arity_order = { 3, 3, 2, 2 } },
+ [11] = { .nr_items = 293, .nr_levels = 4, .n_arity_order = { 3, 3, 3, 2 } },
+ [12] = { .nr_items = 585, .nr_levels = 4, .n_arity_order = { 3, 3, 3, 3 } },
+ [13] = { .nr_items = 1173, .nr_levels = 5, .n_arity_order = { 3, 3, 3, 2, 2 } },
+ [14] = { .nr_items = 2341, .nr_levels = 5, .n_arity_order = { 3, 3, 3, 3, 2 } },
+ [15] = { .nr_items = 4681, .nr_levels = 5, .n_arity_order = { 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 } },
+ [16] = { .nr_items = 4681, .nr_levels = 5, .n_arity_order = { 4, 3, 3, 3, 3 } },
+ [17] = { .nr_items = 8777, .nr_levels = 5, .n_arity_order = { 4, 4, 3, 3, 3 } },
+ [18] = { .nr_items = 17481, .nr_levels = 5, .n_arity_order = { 4, 4, 4, 3, 3 } },
+ [19] = { .nr_items = 34953, .nr_levels = 5, .n_arity_order = { 4, 4, 4, 4, 3 } },
+ [20] = { .nr_items = 69905, .nr_levels = 5, .n_arity_order = { 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 } },
+};
+
+static const struct counter_config *counter_config; /* Hierarchical counter configuration for the hardware topology. */
+static unsigned int nr_cpus_order; /* Order of nr_cpu_ids. */
+static unsigned long accuracy_multiplier; /* Calculate accuracy for a given batch size (multiplication factor). */
+
+static
+int __percpu_counter_tree_init(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter,
+ unsigned long batch_size, gfp_t gfp_flags,
+ unsigned long __percpu *level0,
+ struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *items)
+{
+ /* Batch size must be greater than 1, and a power of 2. */
+ if (WARN_ON(batch_size <= 1 || (batch_size & (batch_size - 1))))
+ return -EINVAL;
+ counter->batch_size = batch_size;
+ counter->bias = 0;
+ counter->level0 = level0;
+ counter->items = items;
+ if (!nr_cpus_order) {
+ counter->approx_sum.i = per_cpu_ptr(counter->level0, 0);
+ counter->level0_bit_mask = 0;
+ } else {
+ counter->approx_sum.a = &counter->items[counter_config->nr_items - 1].count;
+ counter->level0_bit_mask = 1UL << get_count_order(batch_size);
+ }
+ /*
+ * Each tree item signed integer has a negative range which is
+ * one unit greater than the positive range.
+ */
+ counter->approx_accuracy_range.under = batch_size * accuracy_multiplier;
+ counter->approx_accuracy_range.over = (batch_size - 1) * accuracy_multiplier;
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_init_many() - Initialize many per-CPU counter trees.
+ * @counters: An array of @nr_counters counters to initialize.
+ * Their memory is provided by the caller.
+ * @items: Pointer to memory area where to store tree items.
+ * This memory is provided by the caller.
+ * Its size needs to be at least @nr_counters * percpu_counter_tree_items_size().
+ * @nr_counters: The number of counter trees to initialize
+ * @batch_size: The batch size is the increment step at level 0 which triggers a
+ * carry propagation.
+ * The batch size is required to be greater than 1, and a power of 2.
+ * @gfp_flags: gfp flags to pass to the per-CPU allocator.
+ *
+ * Initialize many per-CPU counter trees using a single per-CPU
+ * allocator invocation for @nr_counters counters.
+ *
+ * Return:
+ * * %0: Success
+ * * %-EINVAL: - Invalid @batch_size argument
+ * * %-ENOMEM: - Out of memory
+ */
+int percpu_counter_tree_init_many(struct percpu_counter_tree *counters, struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *items,
+ unsigned int nr_counters, unsigned long batch_size, gfp_t gfp_flags)
+{
+ void __percpu *level0, *level0_iter;
+ size_t counter_size = sizeof(*counters->level0),
+ items_size = percpu_counter_tree_items_size();
+ void *items_iter;
+ unsigned int i;
+ int ret;
+
+ memset(items, 0, items_size * nr_counters);
+ level0 = __alloc_percpu_gfp(nr_counters * counter_size,
+ __alignof__(*counters->level0), gfp_flags);
+ if (!level0)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+ level0_iter = level0;
+ items_iter = items;
+ for (i = 0; i < nr_counters; i++) {
+ ret = __percpu_counter_tree_init(&counters[i], batch_size, gfp_flags, level0_iter, items_iter);
+ if (ret)
+ goto free_level0;
+ level0_iter += counter_size;
+ items_iter += items_size;
+ }
+ return 0;
+
+free_level0:
+ free_percpu(level0);
+ return ret;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(percpu_counter_tree_init_many);
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_init() - Initialize one per-CPU counter tree.
+ * @counter: Counter to initialize.
+ * Its memory is provided by the caller.
+ * @items: Pointer to memory area where to store tree items.
+ * This memory is provided by the caller.
+ * Its size needs to be at least percpu_counter_tree_items_size().
+ * @batch_size: The batch size is the increment step at level 0 which triggers a
+ * carry propagation.
+ * The batch size is required to be greater than 1, and a power of 2.
+ * @gfp_flags: gfp flags to pass to the per-CPU allocator.
+ *
+ * Initialize one per-CPU counter tree.
+ *
+ * Return:
+ * * %0: Success
+ * * %-EINVAL: - Invalid @batch_size argument
+ * * %-ENOMEM: - Out of memory
+ */
+int percpu_counter_tree_init(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *items,
+ unsigned long batch_size, gfp_t gfp_flags)
+{
+ return percpu_counter_tree_init_many(counter, items, 1, batch_size, gfp_flags);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(percpu_counter_tree_init);
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_destroy_many() - Destroy many per-CPU counter trees.
+ * @counters: Array of counters trees to destroy.
+ * @nr_counters: The number of counter trees to destroy.
+ *
+ * Release internal resources allocated for @nr_counters per-CPU counter trees.
+ */
+
+void percpu_counter_tree_destroy_many(struct percpu_counter_tree *counters, unsigned int nr_counters)
+{
+ free_percpu(counters->level0);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(percpu_counter_tree_destroy_many);
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_destroy() - Destroy one per-CPU counter tree.
+ * @counter: Counter to destroy.
+ *
+ * Release internal resources allocated for one per-CPU counter tree.
+ */
+void percpu_counter_tree_destroy(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter)
+{
+ return percpu_counter_tree_destroy_many(counter, 1);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(percpu_counter_tree_destroy);
+
+static
+long percpu_counter_tree_carry(long orig, long res, long inc, unsigned long bit_mask)
+{
+ if (inc < 0) {
+ inc = -(-inc & ~(bit_mask - 1));
+ /*
+ * xor bit_mask: underflow.
+ *
+ * If inc has bit set, decrement an additional bit if
+ * there is _no_ bit transition between orig and res.
+ * Else, inc has bit cleared, decrement an additional
+ * bit if there is a bit transition between orig and
+ * res.
+ */
+ if ((inc ^ orig ^ res) & bit_mask)
+ inc -= bit_mask;
+ } else {
+ inc &= ~(bit_mask - 1);
+ /*
+ * xor bit_mask: overflow.
+ *
+ * If inc has bit set, increment an additional bit if
+ * there is _no_ bit transition between orig and res.
+ * Else, inc has bit cleared, increment an additional
+ * bit if there is a bit transition between orig and
+ * res.
+ */
+ if ((inc ^ orig ^ res) & bit_mask)
+ inc += bit_mask;
+ }
+ return inc;
+}
+
+/*
+ * It does not matter through which path the carry propagates up the
+ * tree, therefore there is no need to disable preemption because the
+ * cpu number is only used to favor cache locality.
+ */
+static
+void percpu_counter_tree_add_slowpath(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, long inc)
+{
+ unsigned int level_items, nr_levels = counter_config->nr_levels,
+ level, n_arity_order;
+ unsigned long bit_mask;
+ struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *item = counter->items;
+ unsigned int cpu = raw_smp_processor_id();
+
+ WARN_ON_ONCE(!nr_cpus_order); /* Should never be called for 1 cpu. */
+
+ n_arity_order = counter_config->n_arity_order[0];
+ bit_mask = counter->level0_bit_mask << n_arity_order;
+ level_items = 1U << (nr_cpus_order - n_arity_order);
+
+ for (level = 1; level < nr_levels; level++) {
+ /*
+ * For the purpose of carry propagation, the
+ * intermediate level counters only need to keep track
+ * of the bits relevant for carry propagation. We
+ * therefore don't care about higher order bits.
+ * Note that this optimization is unwanted if the
+ * intended use is to track counters within intermediate
+ * levels of the topology.
+ */
+ if (abs(inc) & (bit_mask - 1)) {
+ atomic_long_t *count = &item[cpu & (level_items - 1)].count;
+ unsigned long orig, res;
+
+ res = atomic_long_add_return_relaxed(inc, count);
+ orig = res - inc;
+ inc = percpu_counter_tree_carry(orig, res, inc, bit_mask);
+ if (likely(!inc))
+ return;
+ }
+ item += level_items;
+ n_arity_order = counter_config->n_arity_order[level];
+ level_items >>= n_arity_order;
+ bit_mask <<= n_arity_order;
+ }
+ atomic_long_add(inc, counter->approx_sum.a);
+}
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_add() - Add to a per-CPU counter tree.
+ * @counter: Counter added to.
+ * @inc: Increment value (either positive or negative).
+ *
+ * Add @inc to a per-CPU counter tree. This is a fast-path which will
+ * typically increment per-CPU counters as long as there is no carry
+ * greater or equal to the counter tree batch size.
+ */
+void percpu_counter_tree_add(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, long inc)
+{
+ unsigned long bit_mask = counter->level0_bit_mask, orig, res;
+
+ res = this_cpu_add_return(*counter->level0, inc);
+ orig = res - inc;
+ inc = percpu_counter_tree_carry(orig, res, inc, bit_mask);
+ if (likely(!inc))
+ return;
+ percpu_counter_tree_add_slowpath(counter, inc);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(percpu_counter_tree_add);
+
+static
+long percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum_unbiased(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter)
+{
+ unsigned long sum = 0;
+ int cpu;
+
+ for_each_possible_cpu(cpu)
+ sum += *per_cpu_ptr(counter->level0, cpu);
+ return (long) sum;
+}
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum() - Return precise counter sum.
+ * @counter: The counter to sum.
+ *
+ * Querying the precise sum is relatively expensive because it needs to
+ * iterate over all CPUs.
+ * This is meant to be used when accuracy is preferred over speed.
+ *
+ * Return: The current precise counter sum.
+ */
+long percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter)
+{
+ return percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum_unbiased(counter) + READ_ONCE(counter->bias);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum);
+
+static
+int compare_delta(long delta, unsigned long accuracy_neg, unsigned long accuracy_pos)
+{
+ if (delta >= 0) {
+ if (delta <= accuracy_pos)
+ return 0;
+ else
+ return 1;
+ } else {
+ if (-delta <= accuracy_neg)
+ return 0;
+ else
+ return -1;
+ }
+}
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare - Approximated comparison of two counter trees.
+ * @a: First counter to compare.
+ * @b: Second counter to compare.
+ *
+ * Evaluate an approximate comparison of two counter trees.
+ * This approximation comparison is fast, and provides an accurate
+ * answer if the counters are found to be either less than or greater
+ * than the other. However, if the approximated comparison returns
+ * 0, the counters respective sums are found to be within the two
+ * counters accuracy range.
+ *
+ * Return:
+ * * %0 - Counters @a and @b do not differ by more than the sum of their respective
+ * accuracy ranges.
+ * * %-1 - Counter @a less than counter @b.
+ * * %1 - Counter @a is greater than counter @b.
+ */
+int percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare(struct percpu_counter_tree *a, struct percpu_counter_tree *b)
+{
+ return compare_delta(percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum(a) - percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum(b),
+ a->approx_accuracy_range.over + b->approx_accuracy_range.under,
+ a->approx_accuracy_range.under + b->approx_accuracy_range.over);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare);
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare_value - Approximated comparison of a counter tree against a given value.
+ * @counter: Counter to compare.
+ * @v: Value to compare.
+ *
+ * Evaluate an approximate comparison of a counter tree against a given value.
+ * This approximation comparison is fast, and provides an accurate
+ * answer if the counter is found to be either less than or greater
+ * than the value. However, if the approximated comparison returns
+ * 0, the value is within the counter accuracy range.
+ *
+ * Return:
+ * * %0 - The value @v is within the accuracy range of the counter.
+ * * %-1 - The value @v is less than the counter.
+ * * %1 - The value @v is greater than the counter.
+ */
+int percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare_value(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, long v)
+{
+ return compare_delta(v - percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum(counter),
+ counter->approx_accuracy_range.under,
+ counter->approx_accuracy_range.over);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare_value);
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare - Precise comparison of two counter trees.
+ * @a: First counter to compare.
+ * @b: Second counter to compare.
+ *
+ * Evaluate a precise comparison of two counter trees.
+ * As an optimization, it uses the approximate counter comparison
+ * to quickly compare counters which are far apart. Only cases where
+ * counter sums are within the accuracy range require precise counter
+ * sums.
+ *
+ * Return:
+ * * %0 - Counters are equal.
+ * * %-1 - Counter @a less than counter @b.
+ * * %1 - Counter @a is greater than counter @b.
+ */
+int percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare(struct percpu_counter_tree *a, struct percpu_counter_tree *b)
+{
+ long count_a = percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum(a),
+ count_b = percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum(b);
+ unsigned long accuracy_a, accuracy_b;
+ long delta = count_a - count_b;
+ int res;
+
+ res = compare_delta(delta,
+ a->approx_accuracy_range.over + b->approx_accuracy_range.under,
+ a->approx_accuracy_range.under + b->approx_accuracy_range.over);
+ /* The values are distanced enough for an accurate approximated comparison. */
+ if (res)
+ return res;
+
+ /*
+ * The approximated comparison is within the accuracy range, therefore at least one
+ * precise sum is needed. Sum the counter which has the largest accuracy first.
+ */
+ if (delta >= 0) {
+ accuracy_a = a->approx_accuracy_range.under;
+ accuracy_b = b->approx_accuracy_range.over;
+ } else {
+ accuracy_a = a->approx_accuracy_range.over;
+ accuracy_b = b->approx_accuracy_range.under;
+ }
+ if (accuracy_b < accuracy_a) {
+ count_a = percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(a);
+ res = compare_delta(count_a - count_b,
+ b->approx_accuracy_range.under,
+ b->approx_accuracy_range.over);
+ if (res)
+ return res;
+ /* Precise sum of second counter is required. */
+ count_b = percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(b);
+ } else {
+ count_b = percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(b);
+ res = compare_delta(count_a - count_b,
+ a->approx_accuracy_range.over,
+ a->approx_accuracy_range.under);
+ if (res)
+ return res;
+ /* Precise sum of second counter is required. */
+ count_a = percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(a);
+ }
+ if (count_a - count_b < 0)
+ return -1;
+ if (count_a - count_b > 0)
+ return 1;
+ return 0;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare);
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare_value - Precise comparison of a counter tree against a given value.
+ * @counter: Counter to compare.
+ * @v: Value to compare.
+ *
+ * Evaluate a precise comparison of a counter tree against a given value.
+ * As an optimization, it uses the approximate counter comparison
+ * to quickly identify whether the counter and value are far apart.
+ * Only cases where the value is within the counter accuracy range
+ * require a precise counter sum.
+ *
+ * Return:
+ * * %0 - The value @v is equal to the counter.
+ * * %-1 - The value @v is less than the counter.
+ * * %1 - The value @v is greater than the counter.
+ */
+int percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare_value(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, long v)
+{
+ long count = percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum(counter);
+ int res;
+
+ res = compare_delta(v - count,
+ counter->approx_accuracy_range.under,
+ counter->approx_accuracy_range.over);
+ /* The values are distanced enough for an accurate approximated comparison. */
+ if (res)
+ return res;
+
+ /* Precise sum is required. */
+ count = percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(counter);
+ if (v - count < 0)
+ return -1;
+ if (v - count > 0)
+ return 1;
+ return 0;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare_value);
+
+static
+void percpu_counter_tree_set_bias(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, long bias)
+{
+ WRITE_ONCE(counter->bias, bias);
+}
+
+/**
+ * percpu_counter_tree_set - Set the counter tree sum to a given value.
+ * @counter: Counter to set.
+ * @v: Value to set.
+ *
+ * Set the counter sum to a given value. It can be useful for instance
+ * to reset the counter sum to 0. Note that even after setting the
+ * counter sum to a given value, the counter sum approximation can
+ * return any value within the accuracy range around that value.
+ */
+void percpu_counter_tree_set(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, long v)
+{
+ percpu_counter_tree_set_bias(counter,
+ v - percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum_unbiased(counter));
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(percpu_counter_tree_set);
+
+/*
+ * percpu_counter_tree_items_size - Query the size required for counter tree items.
+ *
+ * Query the size of the memory area required to hold the counter tree
+ * items. This depends on the hardware topology and is invariant after
+ * boot.
+ *
+ * Return: Size required to hold tree items.
+ */
+size_t percpu_counter_tree_items_size(void)
+{
+ if (!nr_cpus_order)
+ return 0;
+ return counter_config->nr_items * sizeof(struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(percpu_counter_tree_items_size);
+
+static void __init calculate_accuracy_topology(void)
+{
+ unsigned int nr_levels = counter_config->nr_levels, level;
+ unsigned int level_items = 1U << nr_cpus_order;
+ unsigned long batch_size = 1;
+
+ for (level = 0; level < nr_levels; level++) {
+ unsigned int n_arity_order = counter_config->n_arity_order[level];
+
+ /*
+ * The accuracy multiplier is derived from a batch size of 1
+ * to speed up calculating the accuracy at tree initialization.
+ */
+ accuracy_multiplier += batch_size * level_items;
+ batch_size <<= n_arity_order;
+ level_items >>= n_arity_order;
+ }
+}
+
+int __init percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init(void)
+{
+ nr_cpus_order = get_count_order(nr_cpu_ids);
+ if (WARN_ON_ONCE(nr_cpus_order >= ARRAY_SIZE(per_nr_cpu_order_config))) {
+ printk(KERN_ERR "Unsupported number of CPUs (%u)\n", nr_cpu_ids);
+ return -1;
+ }
+ counter_config = &per_nr_cpu_order_config[nr_cpus_order];
+ calculate_accuracy_topology();
+ return 0;
+}
--
2.43.0
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread* [PATCH v20 2/6] lib: test hierarchical per-cpu counters
2026-07-07 13:15 [PATCH v20 0/6] Hierarchical Percpu Counters for RSS Mathieu Desnoyers
2026-07-07 13:15 ` [PATCH v20 1/6] lib: introduce hierarchical per-cpu counters Mathieu Desnoyers
@ 2026-07-07 13:15 ` Mathieu Desnoyers
2026-07-07 13:15 ` [PATCH v20 3/6] mm: improve RSS counter approximation accuracy for proc interfaces Mathieu Desnoyers
` (4 subsequent siblings)
6 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Mathieu Desnoyers @ 2026-07-07 13:15 UTC (permalink / raw)
Cc: linux-kernel, Mathieu Desnoyers, Paul E. McKenney,
Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu, Dennis Zhou, Tejun Heo,
Christoph Lameter, Martin Liu, David Rientjes, christian.koenig,
Shakeel Butt, SeongJae Park, Michal Hocko, Johannes Weiner,
Sweet Tea Dorminy, Lorenzo Stoakes, Liam R . Howlett,
Mike Rapoport, Suren Baghdasaryan, Vlastimil Babka,
Christian Brauner, Wei Yang, David Hildenbrand, Miaohe Lin,
Al Viro, Yu Zhao, Roman Gushchin, Mateusz Guzik, Matthew Wilcox,
Baolin Wang, Aboorva Devarajan, David Carlier, Josh Law,
Andrew Morton
Introduce Kunit tests for hierarchical per-cpu counters.
Keep track of two sets of hierarchical counters, each meant to have the
same precise sum at any time, but distributed differently across the
topology.
Keep track of an atomic counter along with each hierarchical counter, for
sum validation.
Those tests cover:
- Single-threaded (no concurrency) updates.
- Concurrent updates of counters from various CPUs.
Perform the following validations:
- Compare the precise sum of counters with the sum tracked by
an atomic counter.
- Compare the precise sum of two sets of hierarchical counters.
- Approximated comparison of hierarchical counter with atomic counter.
- Approximated comparison of two sets of hierarchical counters.
- Validate the bounds of approximation ranges.
Run with the following .kunit/.kunitconfig:
CONFIG_KUNIT=y
CONFIG_SMP=y
CONFIG_PREEMPT=y
CONFIG_NR_CPUS=32
CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU=y
CONFIG_PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_KUNIT_TEST=y
With the following execution (to use SMP):
./tools/testing/kunit/kunit.py run --arch=x86_64 --qemu_args="-smp 12"
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20260227153730.1556542-3-mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@kernel.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Cc: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Cc: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Martin Liu <liumartin@google.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: christian.koenig@amd.com
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Cc: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Sweet Tea Dorminy <sweettea-kernel@dorminy.me>
Cc: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Cc: "Liam R . Howlett" <liam.howlett@oracle.com>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Cc: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: Mateusz Guzik <mjguzik@gmail.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: Aboorva Devarajan <aboorvad@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: David Carlier <devnexen@gmail.com>
Cc: Josh Law <objecting@objecting.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
---
Changes since v19:
- Rename config option to PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_KUNIT_TEST.
---
lib/Kconfig | 12 +
lib/tests/Makefile | 2 +
lib/tests/percpu_counter_tree_kunit.c | 399 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3 files changed, 413 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 lib/tests/percpu_counter_tree_kunit.c
diff --git a/lib/Kconfig b/lib/Kconfig
index 55748b68714e..f9bcc6b77d2d 100644
--- a/lib/Kconfig
+++ b/lib/Kconfig
@@ -41,6 +41,18 @@ config PACKING_KUNIT_TEST
When in doubt, say N.
+config PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_KUNIT_TEST
+ tristate "KUnit tests for hierarchical per-cpu counters" if !KUNIT_ALL_TESTS
+ depends on KUNIT
+ default KUNIT_ALL_TESTS
+ help
+ This builds Kunit tests for the hierarchical per-cpu counters.
+
+ For more information on KUnit and unit tests in general,
+ please refer to the KUnit documentation in Documentation/dev-tools/kunit/.
+
+ When in doubt, say N.
+
config BITREVERSE
tristate
select GENERIC_BITREVERSE if !HAVE_ARCH_BITREVERSE
diff --git a/lib/tests/Makefile b/lib/tests/Makefile
index 4ead57602eac..6f936a082c66 100644
--- a/lib/tests/Makefile
+++ b/lib/tests/Makefile
@@ -59,4 +59,6 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_UTIL_MACROS_KUNIT) += util_macros_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_RATELIMIT_KUNIT_TEST) += test_ratelimit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_UUID_KUNIT_TEST) += uuid_kunit.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_KUNIT_TEST) += percpu_counter_tree_kunit.o
+
obj-$(CONFIG_TEST_RUNTIME_MODULE) += module/
diff --git a/lib/tests/percpu_counter_tree_kunit.c b/lib/tests/percpu_counter_tree_kunit.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a79176655c4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/tests/percpu_counter_tree_kunit.c
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ OR MIT
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
+
+#include <kunit/test.h>
+#include <linux/percpu_counter_tree.h>
+#include <linux/kthread.h>
+#include <linux/wait.h>
+#include <linux/random.h>
+
+struct multi_thread_test_data {
+ long increment;
+ int nr_inc;
+ int counter_index;
+};
+
+#define NR_COUNTERS 2
+
+/* Hierarchical per-CPU counter instances. */
+static struct percpu_counter_tree counter[NR_COUNTERS];
+static struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *items;
+
+/* Global atomic counters for validation. */
+static atomic_long_t global_counter[NR_COUNTERS];
+
+static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(kernel_threads_wq);
+static atomic_t kernel_threads_to_run;
+
+static void complete_work(void)
+{
+ if (atomic_dec_and_test(&kernel_threads_to_run))
+ wake_up(&kernel_threads_wq);
+}
+
+static void hpcc_print_info(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ kunit_info(test, "Running test with %d CPUs\n", num_online_cpus());
+}
+
+static void add_to_counter(int counter_index, unsigned int nr_inc, long increment)
+{
+ unsigned int i;
+
+ for (i = 0; i < nr_inc; i++) {
+ percpu_counter_tree_add(&counter[counter_index], increment);
+ atomic_long_add(increment, &global_counter[counter_index]);
+ }
+}
+
+static void check_counters(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ int counter_index;
+
+ /* Compare each counter with its global counter. */
+ for (counter_index = 0; counter_index < NR_COUNTERS; counter_index++) {
+ long v = atomic_long_read(&global_counter[counter_index]);
+ long approx_sum = percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum(&counter[counter_index]);
+ unsigned long under_accuracy = 0, over_accuracy = 0;
+ long precise_min, precise_max;
+
+ /* Precise comparison. */
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(&counter[counter_index]), v);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, 0, percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare_value(&counter[counter_index], v));
+
+ /* Approximate comparison. */
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, 0, percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare_value(&counter[counter_index], v));
+
+ /* Accuracy limits checks. */
+ percpu_counter_tree_approximate_accuracy_range(&counter[counter_index], &under_accuracy, &over_accuracy);
+
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_GE(test, (long)(approx_sum - (v - under_accuracy)), 0);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_LE(test, (long)(approx_sum - (v + over_accuracy)), 0);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_GT(test, (long)(approx_sum - (v - under_accuracy - 1)), 0);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_LT(test, (long)(approx_sum - (v + over_accuracy + 1)), 0);
+
+ /* Precise min/max range check. */
+ percpu_counter_tree_approximate_min_max_range(approx_sum, under_accuracy, over_accuracy, &precise_min, &precise_max);
+
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_GE(test, v - precise_min, 0);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_LE(test, v - precise_max, 0);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_GT(test, v - (precise_min - 1), 0);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_LT(test, v - (precise_max + 1), 0);
+ }
+ /* Compare each counter with the second counter. */
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(&counter[0]), percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(&counter[1]));
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, 0, percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare(&counter[0], &counter[1]));
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, 0, percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare(&counter[0], &counter[1]));
+}
+
+static int multi_thread_worker_fn(void *data)
+{
+ struct multi_thread_test_data *td = data;
+
+ add_to_counter(td->counter_index, td->nr_inc, td->increment);
+ complete_work();
+ kfree(td);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static void test_run_on_specific_cpu(struct kunit *test, int target_cpu, int counter_index, unsigned int nr_inc, long increment)
+{
+ struct task_struct *task;
+ struct multi_thread_test_data *td = kzalloc(sizeof(struct multi_thread_test_data), GFP_KERNEL);
+
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_PTR_NE(test, td, NULL);
+ td->increment = increment;
+ td->nr_inc = nr_inc;
+ td->counter_index = counter_index;
+ atomic_inc(&kernel_threads_to_run);
+ task = kthread_run_on_cpu(multi_thread_worker_fn, td, target_cpu, "kunit_multi_thread_worker");
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_ERR_OR_NULL(test, task);
+}
+
+static void init_kthreads(void)
+{
+ atomic_set(&kernel_threads_to_run, 1);
+}
+
+static void fini_kthreads(void)
+{
+ /* Release our own reference. */
+ complete_work();
+ /* Wait for all others threads to run. */
+ wait_event(kernel_threads_wq, (atomic_read(&kernel_threads_to_run) == 0));
+}
+
+static void test_sync_kthreads(void)
+{
+ fini_kthreads();
+ init_kthreads();
+}
+
+static void init_counters(struct kunit *test, unsigned long batch_size)
+{
+ int i, ret;
+
+ items = kzalloc(percpu_counter_tree_items_size() * NR_COUNTERS, GFP_KERNEL);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_PTR_NE(test, items, NULL);
+ ret = percpu_counter_tree_init_many(counter, items, NR_COUNTERS, batch_size, GFP_KERNEL);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ret, 0);
+
+ for (i = 0; i < NR_COUNTERS; i++)
+ atomic_long_set(&global_counter[i], 0);
+}
+
+static void fini_counters(void)
+{
+ percpu_counter_tree_destroy_many(counter, NR_COUNTERS);
+ kfree(items);
+}
+
+enum up_test_inc_type {
+ INC_ONE,
+ INC_MINUS_ONE,
+ INC_RANDOM,
+};
+
+/*
+ * Single-threaded tests. Those use many threads to run on various CPUs,
+ * but synchronize for completion of each thread before running the
+ * next, effectively making sure there are no concurrent updates.
+ */
+static void do_hpcc_test_single_thread(struct kunit *test, int _cpu0, int _cpu1, enum up_test_inc_type type)
+{
+ unsigned long batch_size_order = 5;
+ int cpu0 = _cpu0;
+ int cpu1 = _cpu1;
+ int i;
+
+ init_counters(test, 1UL << batch_size_order);
+ init_kthreads();
+ for (i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
+ long increment;
+
+ switch (type) {
+ case INC_ONE:
+ increment = 1;
+ break;
+ case INC_MINUS_ONE:
+ increment = -1;
+ break;
+ case INC_RANDOM:
+ increment = (long) get_random_long() % 50000;
+ break;
+ }
+ if (_cpu0 < 0)
+ cpu0 = cpumask_any_distribute(cpu_online_mask);
+ if (_cpu1 < 0)
+ cpu1 = cpumask_any_distribute(cpu_online_mask);
+ test_run_on_specific_cpu(test, cpu0, 0, 1, increment);
+ test_sync_kthreads();
+ test_run_on_specific_cpu(test, cpu1, 1, 1, increment);
+ test_sync_kthreads();
+ check_counters(test);
+ }
+ fini_kthreads();
+ fini_counters();
+}
+
+static void hpcc_test_single_thread_first(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ int cpu = cpumask_first(cpu_online_mask);
+
+ do_hpcc_test_single_thread(test, cpu, cpu, INC_ONE);
+ do_hpcc_test_single_thread(test, cpu, cpu, INC_MINUS_ONE);
+ do_hpcc_test_single_thread(test, cpu, cpu, INC_RANDOM);
+}
+
+static void hpcc_test_single_thread_first_random(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ int cpu = cpumask_first(cpu_online_mask);
+
+ do_hpcc_test_single_thread(test, cpu, -1, INC_ONE);
+ do_hpcc_test_single_thread(test, cpu, -1, INC_MINUS_ONE);
+ do_hpcc_test_single_thread(test, cpu, -1, INC_RANDOM);
+}
+
+static void hpcc_test_single_thread_random(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ do_hpcc_test_single_thread(test, -1, -1, INC_ONE);
+ do_hpcc_test_single_thread(test, -1, -1, INC_MINUS_ONE);
+ do_hpcc_test_single_thread(test, -1, -1, INC_RANDOM);
+}
+
+/* Multi-threaded SMP tests. */
+
+static void do_hpcc_multi_thread_increment_each_cpu(struct kunit *test, unsigned long batch_size, unsigned int nr_inc, long increment)
+{
+ int cpu;
+
+ init_counters(test, batch_size);
+ init_kthreads();
+ for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
+ test_run_on_specific_cpu(test, cpu, 0, nr_inc, increment);
+ test_run_on_specific_cpu(test, cpu, 1, nr_inc, increment);
+ }
+ fini_kthreads();
+ check_counters(test);
+ fini_counters();
+}
+
+static void do_hpcc_multi_thread_increment_even_cpus(struct kunit *test, unsigned long batch_size, unsigned int nr_inc, long increment)
+{
+ int cpu;
+
+ init_counters(test, batch_size);
+ init_kthreads();
+ for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
+ test_run_on_specific_cpu(test, cpu, 0, nr_inc, increment);
+ test_run_on_specific_cpu(test, cpu & ~1, 1, nr_inc, increment); /* even cpus. */
+ }
+ fini_kthreads();
+ check_counters(test);
+ fini_counters();
+}
+
+static void do_hpcc_multi_thread_increment_single_cpu(struct kunit *test, unsigned long batch_size, unsigned int nr_inc, long increment)
+{
+ int cpu;
+
+ init_counters(test, batch_size);
+ init_kthreads();
+ for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
+ test_run_on_specific_cpu(test, cpu, 0, nr_inc, increment);
+ test_run_on_specific_cpu(test, cpumask_first(cpu_online_mask), 1, nr_inc, increment);
+ }
+ fini_kthreads();
+ check_counters(test);
+ fini_counters();
+}
+
+static void do_hpcc_multi_thread_increment_random_cpu(struct kunit *test, unsigned long batch_size, unsigned int nr_inc, long increment)
+{
+ int cpu;
+
+ init_counters(test, batch_size);
+ init_kthreads();
+ for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
+ test_run_on_specific_cpu(test, cpu, 0, nr_inc, increment);
+ test_run_on_specific_cpu(test, cpumask_any_distribute(cpu_online_mask), 1, nr_inc, increment);
+ }
+ fini_kthreads();
+ check_counters(test);
+ fini_counters();
+}
+
+static void hpcc_test_multi_thread_batch_increment(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ unsigned long batch_size_order;
+
+ for (batch_size_order = 2; batch_size_order < 10; batch_size_order++) {
+ unsigned int nr_inc;
+
+ for (nr_inc = 1; nr_inc < 1024; nr_inc *= 2) {
+ long increment;
+
+ for (increment = 1; increment < 100000; increment *= 10) {
+ do_hpcc_multi_thread_increment_each_cpu(test, 1UL << batch_size_order, nr_inc, increment);
+ do_hpcc_multi_thread_increment_even_cpus(test, 1UL << batch_size_order, nr_inc, increment);
+ do_hpcc_multi_thread_increment_single_cpu(test, 1UL << batch_size_order, nr_inc, increment);
+ do_hpcc_multi_thread_increment_random_cpu(test, 1UL << batch_size_order, nr_inc, increment);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+static void hpcc_test_multi_thread_random_walk(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ unsigned long batch_size_order = 5;
+ int loop;
+
+ for (loop = 0; loop < 100; loop++) {
+ int i;
+
+ init_counters(test, 1UL << batch_size_order);
+ init_kthreads();
+ for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
+ long increment = (long) get_random_long() % 512;
+ unsigned int nr_inc = ((unsigned long) get_random_long()) % 1024;
+
+ test_run_on_specific_cpu(test, cpumask_any_distribute(cpu_online_mask), 0, nr_inc, increment);
+ test_run_on_specific_cpu(test, cpumask_any_distribute(cpu_online_mask), 1, nr_inc, increment);
+ }
+ fini_kthreads();
+ check_counters(test);
+ fini_counters();
+ }
+}
+
+static void hpcc_test_init_one(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ struct percpu_counter_tree pct;
+ struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *counter_items;
+ int ret;
+
+ counter_items = kzalloc(percpu_counter_tree_items_size(), GFP_KERNEL);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_PTR_NE(test, counter_items, NULL);
+ ret = percpu_counter_tree_init(&pct, counter_items, 32, GFP_KERNEL);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ret, 0);
+
+ percpu_counter_tree_destroy(&pct);
+ kfree(counter_items);
+}
+
+static void hpcc_test_set(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ static long values[] = {
+ 5, 100, 127, 128, 255, 256, 4095, 4096, 500000, 0,
+ -5, -100, -127, -128, -255, -256, -4095, -4096, -500000,
+ };
+ struct percpu_counter_tree pct;
+ struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *counter_items;
+ int i, ret;
+
+ counter_items = kzalloc(percpu_counter_tree_items_size(), GFP_KERNEL);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_PTR_NE(test, counter_items, NULL);
+ ret = percpu_counter_tree_init(&pct, counter_items, 32, GFP_KERNEL);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, ret, 0);
+
+ for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(values); i++) {
+ long v = values[i];
+
+ percpu_counter_tree_set(&pct, v);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(&pct), v);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, 0, percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare_value(&pct, v));
+
+ percpu_counter_tree_add(&pct, v);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(&pct), 2 * v);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, 0, percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare_value(&pct, 2 * v));
+
+ percpu_counter_tree_add(&pct, -2 * v);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(&pct), 0);
+ KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, 0, percpu_counter_tree_approximate_compare_value(&pct, 0));
+ }
+
+ percpu_counter_tree_destroy(&pct);
+ kfree(counter_items);
+}
+
+static struct kunit_case hpcc_test_cases[] = {
+ KUNIT_CASE(hpcc_print_info),
+ KUNIT_CASE(hpcc_test_single_thread_first),
+ KUNIT_CASE(hpcc_test_single_thread_first_random),
+ KUNIT_CASE(hpcc_test_single_thread_random),
+ KUNIT_CASE(hpcc_test_multi_thread_batch_increment),
+ KUNIT_CASE(hpcc_test_multi_thread_random_walk),
+ KUNIT_CASE(hpcc_test_init_one),
+ KUNIT_CASE(hpcc_test_set),
+ {}
+};
+
+static struct kunit_suite hpcc_test_suite = {
+ .name = "percpu_counter_tree",
+ .test_cases = hpcc_test_cases,
+};
+
+kunit_test_suite(hpcc_test_suite);
+
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Test cases for hierarchical per-CPU counters");
+MODULE_LICENSE("Dual MIT/GPL");
--
2.43.0
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread* [PATCH v20 3/6] mm: improve RSS counter approximation accuracy for proc interfaces
2026-07-07 13:15 [PATCH v20 0/6] Hierarchical Percpu Counters for RSS Mathieu Desnoyers
2026-07-07 13:15 ` [PATCH v20 1/6] lib: introduce hierarchical per-cpu counters Mathieu Desnoyers
2026-07-07 13:15 ` [PATCH v20 2/6] lib: test " Mathieu Desnoyers
@ 2026-07-07 13:15 ` Mathieu Desnoyers
2026-07-07 13:15 ` [PATCH v20 4/6] mm: reorder mm_struct flexible array to place mm_cpumask first Mathieu Desnoyers
` (3 subsequent siblings)
6 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Mathieu Desnoyers @ 2026-07-07 13:15 UTC (permalink / raw)
Cc: linux-kernel, Mathieu Desnoyers, Paul E. McKenney,
Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu, Dennis Zhou, Tejun Heo,
Christoph Lameter, Martin Liu, David Rientjes, christian.koenig,
Shakeel Butt, SeongJae Park, Michal Hocko, Johannes Weiner,
Sweet Tea Dorminy, Lorenzo Stoakes, Liam R . Howlett,
Mike Rapoport, Suren Baghdasaryan, Vlastimil Babka,
Christian Brauner, Wei Yang, David Hildenbrand, Miaohe Lin,
Al Viro, Yu Zhao, Roman Gushchin, Mateusz Guzik, Matthew Wilcox,
Baolin Wang, Aboorva Devarajan, David Carlier, Josh Law,
Andrew Morton
Use hierarchical per-cpu counters for RSS tracking to improve the accuracy
of per-mm RSS sum approximation on large many-core systems [1]. This
improves the accuracy of the RSS values returned by proc interfaces.
Here is a (possibly incomplete) list of the prior approaches that were
used or proposed, along with their downside:
1) Per-thread rss tracking: large error on many-thread processes.
2) Per-CPU counters: up to 12% slower for short-lived processes and 9%
increased system time in make test workloads [1]. Moreover, the
inaccuracy increases with O(n^2) with the number of CPUs.
3) Per-NUMA-node counters: requires atomics on fast-path (overhead),
error is high with systems that have lots of NUMA nodes (32 times
the number of NUMA nodes).
4) Use a percise per-cpu counter sum for each counter value query:
Requires iteration on each possible CPUs for each sum, which
adds overhead on large many-core systems running many processes.
The approach proposed here is to replace the per-cpu counters by the
hierarchical per-cpu counters, which bounds the inaccuracy based on the
system topology with O(N*logN).
* Testing results:
Test hardware: 2 sockets AMD EPYC 9654 96-Core Processor (384 logical CPUs total)
Methodology:
Comparing the current upstream implementation with the hierarchical
counters is done by keeping both implementations wired up in parallel, and
running a single-process, single-threaded program which hops randomly
across CPUs in the system, calling mmap(2) and munmap(2) on random CPUs,
keeping track of an array of allocated mappings, randomly choosing entries
to either map or unmap.
get_mm_counter() is instrumented to compare the upstream counter
approximation to the precise value, and print the delta when going over a
given threshold. The delta of the hierarchical counter approximation to
the precise value is also printed for comparison.
After a few minutes running this test, the upstream implementation counter
approximation reaches a 1GB delta from the precise value, compared to 80MB
delta with the hierarchical counter. The hierarchical counter provides a
guaranteed maximum approximation inaccuracy of 192MB on that hardware
topology.
* Fast path implementation comparison
The new inline percpu_counter_tree_add() uses a this_cpu_add_return() for
the fast path (under a certain allocation size threshold). Above that, it
calls a slow path which "trickles up" the carry to upper level counters
with atomic_add_return.
In comparison, the upstream counters implementation calls
percpu_counter_add_batch which uses this_cpu_try_cmpxchg() on the fast
path, and does a raw_spin_lock_irqsave above a certain threshold.
The hierarchical implementation is therefore expected to have less
contention on mid-sized allocations than the upstream counters because the
atomic counters tracking those bits are only shared across nearby CPUs.
In comparison, the upstream counters immediately use a global spinlock
when reaching the threshold.
* Benchmarks
Using will-it-scale page_fault1 benchmarks to compare the upstream
counters to the hierarchical counters. This is done with hyperthreading
disabled. The speedup is within the standard deviation of the upstream
runs, so the overhead is not significant.
upstream hierarchical speedup
page_fault1_processes -s 100 -t 1 614783 615558 +0.1%
page_fault1_threads -s 100 -t 1 612788 612447 -0.1%
page_fault1_processes -s 100 -t 96 37994977 37932035 -0.2%
page_fault1_threads -s 100 -t 96 2484130 2504860 +0.8%
page_fault1_processes -s 100 -t 192 71262917 71118830 -0.2%
page_fault1_threads -s 100 -t 192 2446437 2469296 +0.1%
* Memory Use
The most important parts in terms of memory use are the per-cpu counters
and the tree items which propagate the carry.
In the proposed implementation, the per-cpu counters are allocated within
per-cpu data structures, so they end up using:
nr_possible_cpus * sizeof(unsigned long)
This is in addition to the tree items. The size of those items is defined
by the per_nr_cpu_order_config table "nr_items" field. Each item is
aligned on cacheline size (typically 64 bytes) to minimize false sharing.
Here is the footprint for a few nr_cpu_ids on a 64-bit arch:
nr_cpu_ids percpu counters (bytes) nr_items items size (bytes) total (bytes)
2 16 1 64 80
4 32 3 192 224
8 64 7 448 512
64 512 21 1344 1856
128 1024 21 1344 2368
256 2048 37 2368 4416
512 4096 73 4672 8768
Compared to this, the upstream percpu counters use a 32-bit integer
per-cpu (4 bytes), and accumulate within a 64-bit global value.
So there is an extra memory footprint added by the current hpcc
implementation, but if it's an issue we have various options to consider
to reduce its footprint.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20250331223516.7810-2-sweettea-kernel@dorminy.me/ # [1]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20260227153730.1556542-4-mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@kernel.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Cc: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Cc: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Martin Liu <liumartin@google.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: christian.koenig@amd.com
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Cc: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Sweet Tea Dorminy <sweettea-kernel@dorminy.me>
Cc: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Cc: "Liam R . Howlett" <liam.howlett@oracle.com>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Cc: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: Mateusz Guzik <mjguzik@gmail.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: Aboorva Devarajan <aboorvad@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: David Carlier <devnexen@gmail.com>
Cc: Josh Law <objecting@objecting.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
---
include/linux/mm.h | 19 ++++++++++----
include/linux/mm_types.h | 50 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
include/trace/events/kmem.h | 2 +-
kernel/fork.c | 22 +++++++++-------
4 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
index 485df9c2dbdd..45b49f15bb5e 100644
--- a/include/linux/mm.h
+++ b/include/linux/mm.h
@@ -3338,38 +3338,47 @@ static inline bool get_user_page_fast_only(unsigned long addr,
{
return get_user_pages_fast_only(addr, 1, gup_flags, pagep) == 1;
}
+
+static inline struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *get_rss_stat_items(struct mm_struct *mm)
+{
+ unsigned long ptr = (unsigned long)mm;
+
+ ptr += offsetof(struct mm_struct, flexible_array);
+ return (struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *)ptr;
+}
+
/*
* per-process(per-mm_struct) statistics.
*/
static inline unsigned long get_mm_counter(struct mm_struct *mm, int member)
{
- return percpu_counter_read_positive(&mm->rss_stat[member]);
+ return percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum_positive(&mm->rss_stat[member]);
}
static inline unsigned long get_mm_counter_sum(struct mm_struct *mm, int member)
{
- return percpu_counter_sum_positive(&mm->rss_stat[member]);
+ return percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum_positive(&mm->rss_stat[member]);
}
void mm_trace_rss_stat(struct mm_struct *mm, int member);
static inline void add_mm_counter(struct mm_struct *mm, int member, long value)
{
- percpu_counter_add(&mm->rss_stat[member], value);
+ percpu_counter_tree_add(&mm->rss_stat[member], value);
mm_trace_rss_stat(mm, member);
}
static inline void inc_mm_counter(struct mm_struct *mm, int member)
{
- percpu_counter_inc(&mm->rss_stat[member]);
+ percpu_counter_tree_add(&mm->rss_stat[member], 1);
mm_trace_rss_stat(mm, member);
}
static inline void dec_mm_counter(struct mm_struct *mm, int member)
{
- percpu_counter_dec(&mm->rss_stat[member]);
+ percpu_counter_tree_add(&mm->rss_stat[member], -1);
mm_trace_rss_stat(mm, member);
}
diff --git a/include/linux/mm_types.h b/include/linux/mm_types.h
index 00eb86f38183..414618ffe329 100644
--- a/include/linux/mm_types.h
+++ b/include/linux/mm_types.h
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
#include <linux/page-flags-layout.h>
#include <linux/workqueue.h>
#include <linux/seqlock.h>
-#include <linux/percpu_counter.h>
+#include <linux/percpu_counter_tree.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/futex_types.h>
#include <linux/rseq_types.h>
@@ -1155,6 +1155,19 @@ typedef struct {
DECLARE_BITMAP(__mm_flags, NUM_MM_FLAG_BITS);
} __private mm_flags_t;
+/*
+ * The alignment of the mm_struct flexible array is based on the largest
+ * alignment of its content:
+ * __alignof__(struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item) provides a
+ * cacheline aligned alignment on SMP systems, else alignment on
+ * unsigned long on UP systems.
+ */
+#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
+# define __mm_struct_flexible_array_aligned __aligned(__alignof__(struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item))
+#else
+# define __mm_struct_flexible_array_aligned __aligned(__alignof__(unsigned long))
+#endif
+
struct kioctx_table;
struct iommu_mm_data;
struct mm_struct {
@@ -1297,7 +1310,7 @@ struct mm_struct {
unsigned long saved_e_flags;
#endif
- struct percpu_counter rss_stat[NR_MM_COUNTERS];
+ struct percpu_counter_tree rss_stat[NR_MM_COUNTERS];
struct linux_binfmt *binfmt;
@@ -1407,10 +1420,13 @@ struct mm_struct {
} __randomize_layout;
/*
- * The mm_cpumask needs to be at the end of mm_struct, because it
- * is dynamically sized based on nr_cpu_ids.
+ * The rss hierarchical counter items, mm_cpumask, and mm_cid
+ * masks need to be at the end of mm_struct, because they are
+ * dynamically sized based on nr_cpu_ids.
+ * The content of the flexible array needs to be placed in
+ * decreasing alignment requirement order.
*/
- char flexible_array[] __aligned(__alignof__(unsigned long));
+ char flexible_array[] __mm_struct_flexible_array_aligned;
};
/* Copy value to the first system word of mm flags, non-atomically. */
@@ -1449,22 +1465,28 @@ extern struct mm_struct init_mm;
#define MM_STRUCT_FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_INIT \
{ \
- [0 ... sizeof(cpumask_t) + MM_CID_STATIC_SIZE - 1] = 0 \
+ [0 ... (PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_ITEMS_STATIC_SIZE * NR_MM_COUNTERS) + sizeof(cpumask_t) + MM_CID_STATIC_SIZE - 1] = 0 \
}
-/* Pointer magic because the dynamic array size confuses some compilers. */
-static inline void mm_init_cpumask(struct mm_struct *mm)
+static inline size_t get_rss_stat_items_size(void)
{
- unsigned long cpu_bitmap = (unsigned long)mm;
-
- cpu_bitmap += offsetof(struct mm_struct, flexible_array);
- cpumask_clear((struct cpumask *)cpu_bitmap);
+ return percpu_counter_tree_items_size() * NR_MM_COUNTERS;
}
/* Future-safe accessor for struct mm_struct's cpu_vm_mask. */
static inline cpumask_t *mm_cpumask(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
- return (struct cpumask *)&mm->flexible_array;
+ unsigned long ptr = (unsigned long)mm;
+
+ ptr += offsetof(struct mm_struct, flexible_array);
+ /* Skip RSS stats counters. */
+ ptr += get_rss_stat_items_size();
+ return (struct cpumask *)ptr;
+}
+
+static inline void mm_init_cpumask(struct mm_struct *mm)
+{
+ cpumask_clear((struct cpumask *)mm_cpumask(mm));
}
#ifdef CONFIG_LRU_GEN
@@ -1556,6 +1578,8 @@ static inline cpumask_t *mm_cpus_allowed(struct mm_struct *mm)
unsigned long bitmap = (unsigned long)mm;
bitmap += offsetof(struct mm_struct, flexible_array);
+ /* Skip RSS stats counters. */
+ bitmap += get_rss_stat_items_size();
/* Skip cpu_bitmap */
bitmap += cpumask_size();
return (struct cpumask *)bitmap;
diff --git a/include/trace/events/kmem.h b/include/trace/events/kmem.h
index cd7920c81f85..290ccb9fd25d 100644
--- a/include/trace/events/kmem.h
+++ b/include/trace/events/kmem.h
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ TRACE_EVENT(rss_stat,
*/
__entry->curr = current->mm == mm && !(current->flags & PF_KTHREAD);
__entry->member = member;
- __entry->size = (percpu_counter_sum_positive(&mm->rss_stat[member])
+ __entry->size = (percpu_counter_tree_approximate_sum_positive(&mm->rss_stat[member])
<< PAGE_SHIFT);
),
diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
index f0e2e131a9a5..d66f5ccd5414 100644
--- a/kernel/fork.c
+++ b/kernel/fork.c
@@ -137,6 +137,11 @@
*/
#define MAX_THREADS FUTEX_TID_MASK
+/*
+ * Batch size of rss stat approximation
+ */
+#define RSS_STAT_BATCH_SIZE 32
+
/*
* Protected counters by write_lock_irq(&tasklist_lock)
*/
@@ -632,14 +637,12 @@ static void check_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
"Please make sure 'struct resident_page_types[]' is updated as well");
for (i = 0; i < NR_MM_COUNTERS; i++) {
- long x = percpu_counter_sum(&mm->rss_stat[i]);
-
- if (unlikely(x)) {
+ if (unlikely(percpu_counter_tree_precise_compare_value(&mm->rss_stat[i], 0) != 0))
pr_alert("BUG: Bad rss-counter state mm:%p type:%s val:%ld Comm:%s Pid:%d\n",
- mm, resident_page_types[i], x,
+ mm, resident_page_types[i],
+ percpu_counter_tree_precise_sum(&mm->rss_stat[i]),
current->comm,
task_pid_nr(current));
- }
}
if (mm_pgtables_bytes(mm))
@@ -737,7 +740,7 @@ void __mmdrop(struct mm_struct *mm)
check_mm(mm);
mm_pasid_drop(mm);
mm_destroy_cid(mm);
- percpu_counter_destroy_many(mm->rss_stat, NR_MM_COUNTERS);
+ percpu_counter_tree_destroy_many(mm->rss_stat, NR_MM_COUNTERS);
free_mm(mm);
}
@@ -1138,8 +1141,9 @@ static struct mm_struct *mm_init(struct mm_struct *mm, struct task_struct *p)
if (mm_alloc_sched(mm))
goto fail_sched;
- if (percpu_counter_init_many(mm->rss_stat, 0, GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT,
- NR_MM_COUNTERS))
+ if (percpu_counter_tree_init_many(mm->rss_stat, get_rss_stat_items(mm),
+ NR_MM_COUNTERS, RSS_STAT_BATCH_SIZE,
+ GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT))
goto fail_pcpu;
lru_gen_init_mm(mm);
@@ -3103,7 +3107,7 @@ void __init mm_cache_init(void)
* dynamically sized based on the maximum CPU number this system
* can have, taking hotplug into account (nr_cpu_ids).
*/
- mm_size = sizeof(struct mm_struct) + cpumask_size() + mm_cid_size();
+ mm_size = sizeof(struct mm_struct) + cpumask_size() + mm_cid_size() + get_rss_stat_items_size();
mm_cachep = kmem_cache_create_usercopy("mm_struct",
mm_size, ARCH_MIN_MMSTRUCT_ALIGN,
--
2.43.0
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread* [PATCH v20 4/6] mm: reorder mm_struct flexible array to place mm_cpumask first
2026-07-07 13:15 [PATCH v20 0/6] Hierarchical Percpu Counters for RSS Mathieu Desnoyers
` (2 preceding siblings ...)
2026-07-07 13:15 ` [PATCH v20 3/6] mm: improve RSS counter approximation accuracy for proc interfaces Mathieu Desnoyers
@ 2026-07-07 13:15 ` Mathieu Desnoyers
2026-07-07 13:15 ` [PATCH v20 5/6] init: move percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init() earlier in boot Mathieu Desnoyers
` (2 subsequent siblings)
6 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Mathieu Desnoyers @ 2026-07-07 13:15 UTC (permalink / raw)
Cc: linux-kernel, Mathieu Desnoyers
Reorder the mm_struct flexible array layout from:
[HPCC tree items][mm_cpumask][mm_cid]
to:
[mm_cpumask][mm_cid][alignment padding][HPCC tree items]
The previous layout placed the HPCC tree items first, which required
mm_cpumask() to skip past them using percpu_counter_tree_items_size().
This created a boot-time initialization ordering dependency: any use of
mm_cpumask() before percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init() would compute
the wrong pointer offset, reading from or writing to the HPCC items
region instead of the actual cpumask.
On powerpc, switch_mm_irqs_off() accesses mm_cpumask() early in boot
via VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!cpumask_test_cpu(cpu, mm_cpumask(prev))), which
could fire spuriously or cause silent memory corruption if the HPCC
subsystem was not yet initialized.
By placing mm_cpumask first, mm_cpumask() remains a simple
&mm->flexible_array with no runtime dependency on HPCC initialization.
The HPCC tree items are accessed via get_rss_stat_items_offset(), which
skips past the cpumask and mm_cid with appropriate cacheline alignment
padding. This accessor is only used during mm_struct initialization
(percpu_counter_tree_init_many), not on context switch or other hot
paths.
Introduce the PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_ITEMS_ALIGN() macro to handle the
SMP cacheline alignment vs !SMP no-op in a single place, used by both
the static init_mm flexible array initializer and the runtime offset
computation.
The cost is at most one cacheline (typically 64 bytes) of padding per
mm_struct between the mm_cid data and the HPCC tree items.
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
---
include/linux/mm.h | 1 +
include/linux/mm_types.h | 47 +++++++++++++++++------------
include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h | 3 ++
kernel/fork.c | 4 ++-
4 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
index 45b49f15bb5e..b1f6703cace8 100644
--- a/include/linux/mm.h
+++ b/include/linux/mm.h
@@ -3344,6 +3344,7 @@ static inline struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *get_rss_stat_items(struct m
unsigned long ptr = (unsigned long)mm;
ptr += offsetof(struct mm_struct, flexible_array);
+ ptr += get_rss_stat_items_offset();
return (struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *)ptr;
}
diff --git a/include/linux/mm_types.h b/include/linux/mm_types.h
index 414618ffe329..4e51b666d72b 100644
--- a/include/linux/mm_types.h
+++ b/include/linux/mm_types.h
@@ -1420,11 +1420,12 @@ struct mm_struct {
} __randomize_layout;
/*
- * The rss hierarchical counter items, mm_cpumask, and mm_cid
- * masks need to be at the end of mm_struct, because they are
+ * The mm_cpumask, mm_cid masks, and rss hierarchical counter
+ * items need to be at the end of mm_struct, because they are
* dynamically sized based on nr_cpu_ids.
- * The content of the flexible array needs to be placed in
- * decreasing alignment requirement order.
+ * The HPCC counter tree items are placed last and aligned
+ * with PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_ITEMS_ALIGN to satisfy their
+ * cacheline alignment requirement.
*/
char flexible_array[] __mm_struct_flexible_array_aligned;
};
@@ -1463,25 +1464,18 @@ static inline void __mm_flags_set_mask_bits_word(struct mm_struct *mm,
MT_FLAGS_USE_RCU)
extern struct mm_struct init_mm;
-#define MM_STRUCT_FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_INIT \
-{ \
- [0 ... (PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_ITEMS_STATIC_SIZE * NR_MM_COUNTERS) + sizeof(cpumask_t) + MM_CID_STATIC_SIZE - 1] = 0 \
-}
-
-static inline size_t get_rss_stat_items_size(void)
-{
- return percpu_counter_tree_items_size() * NR_MM_COUNTERS;
+#define MM_STRUCT_FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_INIT \
+{ \
+ [0 ... PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_ITEMS_ALIGN( \
+ sizeof(cpumask_t) + MM_CID_STATIC_SIZE) \
+ + (PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_ITEMS_STATIC_SIZE * NR_MM_COUNTERS) \
+ - 1] = 0 \
}
/* Future-safe accessor for struct mm_struct's cpu_vm_mask. */
static inline cpumask_t *mm_cpumask(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
- unsigned long ptr = (unsigned long)mm;
-
- ptr += offsetof(struct mm_struct, flexible_array);
- /* Skip RSS stats counters. */
- ptr += get_rss_stat_items_size();
- return (struct cpumask *)ptr;
+ return (struct cpumask *)&mm->flexible_array;
}
static inline void mm_init_cpumask(struct mm_struct *mm)
@@ -1578,8 +1572,6 @@ static inline cpumask_t *mm_cpus_allowed(struct mm_struct *mm)
unsigned long bitmap = (unsigned long)mm;
bitmap += offsetof(struct mm_struct, flexible_array);
- /* Skip RSS stats counters. */
- bitmap += get_rss_stat_items_size();
/* Skip cpu_bitmap */
bitmap += cpumask_size();
return (struct cpumask *)bitmap;
@@ -1662,6 +1654,21 @@ static inline void mm_destroy_sched(struct mm_struct *mm) { }
#endif /* CONFIG_SCHED_CACHE */
+static inline size_t get_rss_stat_items_size(void)
+{
+ return percpu_counter_tree_items_size() * NR_MM_COUNTERS;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return the offset of the RSS stat HPCC items within the mm_struct
+ * flexible array. The items are placed after the cpumask and mm_cid,
+ * aligned to the cacheline boundary required by the tree level items.
+ */
+static inline size_t get_rss_stat_items_offset(void)
+{
+ return PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_ITEMS_ALIGN(cpumask_size() + mm_cid_size());
+}
+
struct mmu_gather;
extern void tlb_gather_mmu(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct mm_struct *mm);
extern void tlb_gather_mmu_fullmm(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct mm_struct *mm);
diff --git a/include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h b/include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h
index 828c763edd4a..3e8a820e2d1d 100644
--- a/include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h
+++ b/include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h
@@ -66,6 +66,8 @@ struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item {
#define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_ITEMS_STATIC_SIZE \
(PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_STATIC_NR_ITEMS * sizeof(struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item))
+#define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_ITEMS_ALIGN(offset) \
+ ALIGN((offset), __alignof__(struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item))
struct percpu_counter_tree {
/* Fast-path fields. */
@@ -167,6 +169,7 @@ void percpu_counter_tree_approximate_accuracy_range(struct percpu_counter_tree *
#else /* !CONFIG_SMP */
#define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_ITEMS_STATIC_SIZE 0
+#define PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_ITEMS_ALIGN(offset) (offset)
struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item;
diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
index d66f5ccd5414..9ff85bd86bb9 100644
--- a/kernel/fork.c
+++ b/kernel/fork.c
@@ -3107,7 +3107,9 @@ void __init mm_cache_init(void)
* dynamically sized based on the maximum CPU number this system
* can have, taking hotplug into account (nr_cpu_ids).
*/
- mm_size = sizeof(struct mm_struct) + cpumask_size() + mm_cid_size() + get_rss_stat_items_size();
+ mm_size = sizeof(struct mm_struct) +
+ PERCPU_COUNTER_TREE_ITEMS_ALIGN(cpumask_size() + mm_cid_size()) +
+ get_rss_stat_items_size();
mm_cachep = kmem_cache_create_usercopy("mm_struct",
mm_size, ARCH_MIN_MMSTRUCT_ALIGN,
--
2.43.0
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread* [PATCH v20 5/6] init: move percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init() earlier in boot
2026-07-07 13:15 [PATCH v20 0/6] Hierarchical Percpu Counters for RSS Mathieu Desnoyers
` (3 preceding siblings ...)
2026-07-07 13:15 ` [PATCH v20 4/6] mm: reorder mm_struct flexible array to place mm_cpumask first Mathieu Desnoyers
@ 2026-07-07 13:15 ` Mathieu Desnoyers
2026-07-07 13:15 ` [PATCH v20 6/6] lib: inline percpu_counter_tree_items_size with boot-safety sentinel Mathieu Desnoyers
2026-07-23 17:53 ` [PATCH v20 0/6] Hierarchical Percpu Counters for RSS Mathieu Desnoyers
6 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Mathieu Desnoyers @ 2026-07-07 13:15 UTC (permalink / raw)
Cc: linux-kernel, Mathieu Desnoyers
Move percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init() from after trap_init() to
immediately after setup_nr_cpu_ids() in start_kernel().
The function's only dependency is nr_cpu_ids: it calls
get_count_order(nr_cpu_ids), indexes into a const configuration table,
and performs arithmetic to derive accuracy parameters. It requires no
memory allocator, percpu areas, or other infrastructure.
Initialize the subsystem as soon as its dependency is available rather
than deferring until later in the boot sequence. This ensures
percpu_counter_tree_items_size() returns the correct value well before
its first use in mm_cache_init().
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
---
init/main.c | 2 +-
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/init/main.c b/init/main.c
index 8581ea542cde..a0701d400b0f 100644
--- a/init/main.c
+++ b/init/main.c
@@ -1001,6 +1001,7 @@ void start_kernel(void)
setup_boot_config();
setup_command_line(command_line);
setup_nr_cpu_ids();
+ percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init();
setup_per_cpu_areas();
smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
early_numa_node_init();
@@ -1032,7 +1033,6 @@ void start_kernel(void)
vfs_caches_init_early();
sort_main_extable();
trap_init();
- percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init();
mm_core_init();
maple_tree_init();
poking_init();
--
2.43.0
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread* [PATCH v20 6/6] lib: inline percpu_counter_tree_items_size with boot-safety sentinel
2026-07-07 13:15 [PATCH v20 0/6] Hierarchical Percpu Counters for RSS Mathieu Desnoyers
` (4 preceding siblings ...)
2026-07-07 13:15 ` [PATCH v20 5/6] init: move percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init() earlier in boot Mathieu Desnoyers
@ 2026-07-07 13:15 ` Mathieu Desnoyers
2026-07-23 17:53 ` [PATCH v20 0/6] Hierarchical Percpu Counters for RSS Mathieu Desnoyers
6 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Mathieu Desnoyers @ 2026-07-07 13:15 UTC (permalink / raw)
Cc: linux-kernel, Mathieu Desnoyers
Replace the out-of-line percpu_counter_tree_items_size() function with a
static inline that loads the __ro_after_init variable
__percpu_counter_tree_items_size directly. This eliminates a function
call on paths that compute mm_struct flexible array layout offsets.
Initialize the variable to SIZE_MAX as a sentinel value, and add a
WARN_ON_ONCE check in the inline accessor to catch any accidental use
before percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init() sets the real value based on
nr_cpu_ids. An early misuse would produce an absurd offset that triggers
the warning with a stack trace pointing at the offending caller, rather
than silently computing wrong memory offsets.
percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init() sets the variable to the runtime
value immediately after deriving counter_config from nr_cpu_ids,
before calculate_accuracy_topology(). After boot, __ro_after_init moves
the variable into read-only memory.
On !CONFIG_SMP, the existing inline returning 0 is unchanged and
requires no sentinel.
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
---
include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h | 19 ++++++++++++++++++-
lib/percpu_counter_tree.c | 24 ++++++++----------------
2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h b/include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h
index 3e8a820e2d1d..4095acdc879b 100644
--- a/include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h
+++ b/include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h
@@ -101,7 +101,24 @@ struct percpu_counter_tree {
} approx_accuracy_range;
};
-size_t percpu_counter_tree_items_size(void);
+extern size_t __percpu_counter_tree_items_size __ro_after_init;
+
+/*
+ * percpu_counter_tree_items_size - Query the size required for counter tree items.
+ *
+ * Query the size of the memory area required to hold the counter tree
+ * items. This depends on the hardware topology and is invariant after
+ * boot.
+ *
+ * Return: Size required to hold tree items.
+ */
+static inline
+size_t percpu_counter_tree_items_size(void)
+{
+ WARN_ON_ONCE(__percpu_counter_tree_items_size == SIZE_MAX);
+ return __percpu_counter_tree_items_size;
+}
+
int percpu_counter_tree_init_many(struct percpu_counter_tree *counters, struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *items,
unsigned int nr_counters, unsigned long batch_size, gfp_t gfp_flags);
int percpu_counter_tree_init(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item *items,
diff --git a/lib/percpu_counter_tree.c b/lib/percpu_counter_tree.c
index 5c8fc2dcdc16..cfa5b04e05d7 100644
--- a/lib/percpu_counter_tree.c
+++ b/lib/percpu_counter_tree.c
@@ -653,22 +653,9 @@ void percpu_counter_tree_set(struct percpu_counter_tree *counter, long v)
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(percpu_counter_tree_set);
-/*
- * percpu_counter_tree_items_size - Query the size required for counter tree items.
- *
- * Query the size of the memory area required to hold the counter tree
- * items. This depends on the hardware topology and is invariant after
- * boot.
- *
- * Return: Size required to hold tree items.
- */
-size_t percpu_counter_tree_items_size(void)
-{
- if (!nr_cpus_order)
- return 0;
- return counter_config->nr_items * sizeof(struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item);
-}
-EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(percpu_counter_tree_items_size);
+/* Initialize to SIZE_MAX to catch early boot misuses. */
+size_t __percpu_counter_tree_items_size __ro_after_init = SIZE_MAX;
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__percpu_counter_tree_items_size);
static void __init calculate_accuracy_topology(void)
{
@@ -697,6 +684,11 @@ int __init percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init(void)
return -1;
}
counter_config = &per_nr_cpu_order_config[nr_cpus_order];
+ if (!nr_cpus_order)
+ __percpu_counter_tree_items_size = 0;
+ else
+ __percpu_counter_tree_items_size = counter_config->nr_items *
+ sizeof(struct percpu_counter_tree_level_item);
calculate_accuracy_topology();
return 0;
}
--
2.43.0
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread* Re: [PATCH v20 0/6] Hierarchical Percpu Counters for RSS
2026-07-07 13:15 [PATCH v20 0/6] Hierarchical Percpu Counters for RSS Mathieu Desnoyers
` (5 preceding siblings ...)
2026-07-07 13:15 ` [PATCH v20 6/6] lib: inline percpu_counter_tree_items_size with boot-safety sentinel Mathieu Desnoyers
@ 2026-07-23 17:53 ` Mathieu Desnoyers
2026-08-05 18:37 ` Mathieu Desnoyers
6 siblings, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Mathieu Desnoyers @ 2026-07-23 17:53 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Andrew Morton
Cc: linux-kernel, Paul E. McKenney, Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu,
Dennis Zhou, Tejun Heo, Christoph Lameter, Martin Liu,
David Rientjes, christian.koenig, Shakeel Butt, SeongJae Park,
Michal Hocko, Johannes Weiner, Sweet Tea Dorminy,
Liam R . Howlett, Mike Rapoport, Suren Baghdasaryan,
Vlastimil Babka, Christian Brauner, Wei Yang, David Hildenbrand,
Miaohe Lin, Al Viro, Yu Zhao, Roman Gushchin, Mateusz Guzik,
Matthew Wilcox, Baolin Wang, Aboorva Devarajan, David Carlier,
Josh Law, Lorenzo Stoakes, linux-mm
On 2026-07-07 09:15, Mathieu Desnoyers wrote:
> Hi Andrew,
>
> Here is the hierarchical percpu counters series rebased on top of
> v7.2-rc2. It includes small bootup fixes which were needed to fix
> bootup sequence on specific architectures, and a rename of the
> test config option to include "KUNIT_".
>
> This aims at replacing the prior version of the series you had
> in mm.
>
> As a reminder, the goal here is to provide more precise RSS counters
> through /proc.
Hello,
Just a gentle ping for feedback whenever it's convenient.
Thanks,
Mathieu
>
> Thanks,
>
> Mathieu
>
> Mathieu Desnoyers (6):
> lib: introduce hierarchical per-cpu counters
> lib: test hierarchical per-cpu counters
> mm: improve RSS counter approximation accuracy for proc interfaces
> mm: reorder mm_struct flexible array to place mm_cpumask first
> init: move percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init() earlier in boot
> lib: inline percpu_counter_tree_items_size with boot-safety sentinel
>
> Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@kernel.org>
> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
> Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
> Cc: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
> Cc: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org>
> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
> Cc: Martin Liu <liumartin@google.com>
> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
> Cc: christian.koenig@amd.com
> Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
> Cc: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
> Cc: Sweet Tea Dorminy <sweettea-kernel@dorminy.me>
> Cc: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
> Cc: "Liam R . Howlett" <liam.howlett@oracle.com>
> Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
> Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
> Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
> Cc: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
> Cc: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
> Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
> Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
> Cc: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
> Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
> Cc: Mateusz Guzik <mjguzik@gmail.com>
> Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
> Cc: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
> Cc: Aboorva Devarajan <aboorvad@linux.ibm.com>
> Cc: David Carlier <devnexen@gmail.com>
> Cc: Josh Law <objecting@objecting.org>
> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
>
> .../core-api/percpu-counter-tree.rst | 75 ++
> include/linux/mm.h | 20 +-
> include/linux/mm_types.h | 65 +-
> include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h | 387 ++++++++++
> include/trace/events/kmem.h | 2 +-
> init/main.c | 2 +
> kernel/fork.c | 24 +-
> lib/Kconfig | 12 +
> lib/Makefile | 1 +
> lib/percpu_counter_tree.c | 694 ++++++++++++++++++
> lib/tests/Makefile | 2 +
> lib/tests/percpu_counter_tree_kunit.c | 399 ++++++++++
> 12 files changed, 1651 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)
> create mode 100644 Documentation/core-api/percpu-counter-tree.rst
> create mode 100644 include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h
> create mode 100644 lib/percpu_counter_tree.c
> create mode 100644 lib/tests/percpu_counter_tree_kunit.c
>
--
Mathieu Desnoyers
EfficiOS Inc.
https://www.efficios.com
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread* Re: [PATCH v20 0/6] Hierarchical Percpu Counters for RSS
2026-07-23 17:53 ` [PATCH v20 0/6] Hierarchical Percpu Counters for RSS Mathieu Desnoyers
@ 2026-08-05 18:37 ` Mathieu Desnoyers
2026-08-05 18:57 ` Andrew Morton
0 siblings, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Mathieu Desnoyers @ 2026-08-05 18:37 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Andrew Morton
Cc: linux-kernel, Paul E. McKenney, Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu,
Dennis Zhou, Tejun Heo, Christoph Lameter, Martin Liu,
David Rientjes, christian.koenig, Shakeel Butt, SeongJae Park,
Michal Hocko, Johannes Weiner, Sweet Tea Dorminy,
Liam R . Howlett, Mike Rapoport, Suren Baghdasaryan,
Vlastimil Babka, Christian Brauner, Wei Yang, David Hildenbrand,
Miaohe Lin, Al Viro, Yu Zhao, Roman Gushchin, Mateusz Guzik,
Matthew Wilcox, Baolin Wang, Aboorva Devarajan, David Carlier,
Josh Law, Lorenzo Stoakes, linux-mm
On 2026-07-23 13:53, Mathieu Desnoyers wrote:
> On 2026-07-07 09:15, Mathieu Desnoyers wrote:
>> Hi Andrew,
>>
>> Here is the hierarchical percpu counters series rebased on top of
>> v7.2-rc2. It includes small bootup fixes which were needed to fix
>> bootup sequence on specific architectures, and a rename of the
>> test config option to include "KUNIT_".
>>
>> This aims at replacing the prior version of the series you had
>> in mm.
>>
>> As a reminder, the goal here is to provide more precise RSS counters
>> through /proc.
>
> Hello,
>
> Just a gentle ping for feedback whenever it's convenient.
Hi Andrew,
Can you pick this up after the upcoming merge window ?
That's of course assuming this is solving an issue which is
still relevant.
If there is no interest in solving this issue anymore, kindly
let me know and I'll drop this series.
Thanks,
Mathieu
>
> Thanks,
>
> Mathieu
>
>>
>> Thanks,
>>
>> Mathieu
>>
>> Mathieu Desnoyers (6):
>> lib: introduce hierarchical per-cpu counters
>> lib: test hierarchical per-cpu counters
>> mm: improve RSS counter approximation accuracy for proc interfaces
>> mm: reorder mm_struct flexible array to place mm_cpumask first
>> init: move percpu_counter_tree_subsystem_init() earlier in boot
>> lib: inline percpu_counter_tree_items_size with boot-safety sentinel
>>
>> Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@kernel.org>
>> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
>> Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
>> Cc: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
>> Cc: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org>
>> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
>> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
>> Cc: Martin Liu <liumartin@google.com>
>> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
>> Cc: christian.koenig@amd.com
>> Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
>> Cc: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
>> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
>> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
>> Cc: Sweet Tea Dorminy <sweettea-kernel@dorminy.me>
>> Cc: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
>> Cc: "Liam R . Howlett" <liam.howlett@oracle.com>
>> Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
>> Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
>> Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
>> Cc: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
>> Cc: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
>> Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
>> Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
>> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
>> Cc: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
>> Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
>> Cc: Mateusz Guzik <mjguzik@gmail.com>
>> Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
>> Cc: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
>> Cc: Aboorva Devarajan <aboorvad@linux.ibm.com>
>> Cc: David Carlier <devnexen@gmail.com>
>> Cc: Josh Law <objecting@objecting.org>
>> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
>>
>> .../core-api/percpu-counter-tree.rst | 75 ++
>> include/linux/mm.h | 20 +-
>> include/linux/mm_types.h | 65 +-
>> include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h | 387 ++++++++++
>> include/trace/events/kmem.h | 2 +-
>> init/main.c | 2 +
>> kernel/fork.c | 24 +-
>> lib/Kconfig | 12 +
>> lib/Makefile | 1 +
>> lib/percpu_counter_tree.c | 694 ++++++++++++++++++
>> lib/tests/Makefile | 2 +
>> lib/tests/percpu_counter_tree_kunit.c | 399 ++++++++++
>> 12 files changed, 1651 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)
>> create mode 100644 Documentation/core-api/percpu-counter-tree.rst
>> create mode 100644 include/linux/percpu_counter_tree.h
>> create mode 100644 lib/percpu_counter_tree.c
>> create mode 100644 lib/tests/percpu_counter_tree_kunit.c
>>
>
>
--
Mathieu Desnoyers
EfficiOS Inc.
https://www.efficios.com
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v20 0/6] Hierarchical Percpu Counters for RSS
2026-08-05 18:37 ` Mathieu Desnoyers
@ 2026-08-05 18:57 ` Andrew Morton
2026-08-05 19:03 ` Mathieu Desnoyers
0 siblings, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Andrew Morton @ 2026-08-05 18:57 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Mathieu Desnoyers
Cc: linux-kernel, Paul E. McKenney, Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu,
Dennis Zhou, Tejun Heo, Christoph Lameter, Martin Liu,
David Rientjes, christian.koenig, Shakeel Butt, SeongJae Park,
Michal Hocko, Johannes Weiner, Sweet Tea Dorminy,
Liam R . Howlett, Mike Rapoport, Suren Baghdasaryan,
Vlastimil Babka, Christian Brauner, Wei Yang, David Hildenbrand,
Miaohe Lin, Al Viro, Yu Zhao, Roman Gushchin, Mateusz Guzik,
Matthew Wilcox, Baolin Wang, Aboorva Devarajan, David Carlier,
Josh Law, Lorenzo Stoakes, linux-mm
On Wed, 5 Aug 2026 14:37:08 -0400 Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com> wrote:
> On 2026-07-23 13:53, Mathieu Desnoyers wrote:
> > On 2026-07-07 09:15, Mathieu Desnoyers wrote:
> >> Hi Andrew,
> >>
> >> Here is the hierarchical percpu counters series rebased on top of
> >> v7.2-rc2. It includes small bootup fixes which were needed to fix
> >> bootup sequence on specific architectures, and a rename of the
> >> test config option to include "KUNIT_".
> >>
> >> This aims at replacing the prior version of the series you had
> >> in mm.
> >>
> >> As a reminder, the goal here is to provide more precise RSS counters
> >> through /proc.
> >
> > Hello,
> >
> > Just a gentle ping for feedback whenever it's convenient.
>
> Hi Andrew,
>
> Can you pick this up after the upcoming merge window ?
Resending after -rc1 would be appropriate.
> That's of course assuming this is solving an issue which is
> still relevant.
>
> If there is no interest in solving this issue anymore, kindly
> let me know and I'll drop this series.
This was 1000-2000 patches ago so I've forgotten what the issue was!
Please ensure that changelogging describes the issue in glorious
detail and I'm sure it'll all come back.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v20 0/6] Hierarchical Percpu Counters for RSS
2026-08-05 18:57 ` Andrew Morton
@ 2026-08-05 19:03 ` Mathieu Desnoyers
2026-08-06 6:25 ` Lorenzo Stoakes (ARM)
0 siblings, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Mathieu Desnoyers @ 2026-08-05 19:03 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Andrew Morton
Cc: linux-kernel, Paul E. McKenney, Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu,
Dennis Zhou, Tejun Heo, Christoph Lameter, Martin Liu,
David Rientjes, christian.koenig, Shakeel Butt, SeongJae Park,
Michal Hocko, Johannes Weiner, Sweet Tea Dorminy,
Liam R . Howlett, Mike Rapoport, Suren Baghdasaryan,
Vlastimil Babka, Christian Brauner, Wei Yang, David Hildenbrand,
Miaohe Lin, Al Viro, Yu Zhao, Roman Gushchin, Mateusz Guzik,
Matthew Wilcox, Baolin Wang, Aboorva Devarajan, David Carlier,
Josh Law, Lorenzo Stoakes, linux-mm
On 2026-08-05 14:57, Andrew Morton wrote:
> On Wed, 5 Aug 2026 14:37:08 -0400 Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com> wrote:
>
>> On 2026-07-23 13:53, Mathieu Desnoyers wrote:
>>> On 2026-07-07 09:15, Mathieu Desnoyers wrote:
>>>> Hi Andrew,
>>>>
>>>> Here is the hierarchical percpu counters series rebased on top of
>>>> v7.2-rc2. It includes small bootup fixes which were needed to fix
>>>> bootup sequence on specific architectures, and a rename of the
>>>> test config option to include "KUNIT_".
>>>>
>>>> This aims at replacing the prior version of the series you had
>>>> in mm.
>>>>
>>>> As a reminder, the goal here is to provide more precise RSS counters
>>>> through /proc.
>>>
>>> Hello,
>>>
>>> Just a gentle ping for feedback whenever it's convenient.
>>
>> Hi Andrew,
>>
>> Can you pick this up after the upcoming merge window ?
>
> Resending after -rc1 would be appropriate.
Will do, thanks!
>
>> That's of course assuming this is solving an issue which is
>> still relevant.
>>
>> If there is no interest in solving this issue anymore, kindly
>> let me know and I'll drop this series.
>
> This was 1000-2000 patches ago so I've forgotten what the issue was!
> Please ensure that changelogging describes the issue in glorious
> detail and I'm sure it'll all come back.
Certainly. For the immediate records, the issue addressed by this series
is RSS stats inaccuracy when reading /proc files on large SMP boxes. It
gets increasingly worse for long-lifetime processes which jump around
various cores while allocating/freeing memory over their lifetime.
And once we get this in, it would be relevant to use this infrastructure
to address the tail latency of memcg oom killer, which AFAIU is now a
scan in the order of num_possible_cpus * nb processes. Although not so
bad when the OOM killer fires due to a machine memory use ballooning out
of proportions, it's rather inconvenient to cause large latencies when
it's used to apply the mem cgroup limits, which is a rather more common
routine scenario nowadays.
Thanks,
Mathieu
--
Mathieu Desnoyers
EfficiOS Inc.
https://www.efficios.com
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v20 0/6] Hierarchical Percpu Counters for RSS
2026-08-05 19:03 ` Mathieu Desnoyers
@ 2026-08-06 6:25 ` Lorenzo Stoakes (ARM)
0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Lorenzo Stoakes (ARM) @ 2026-08-06 6:25 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Mathieu Desnoyers
Cc: Andrew Morton, linux-kernel, Paul E. McKenney, Steven Rostedt,
Masami Hiramatsu, Dennis Zhou, Tejun Heo, Christoph Lameter,
Martin Liu, David Rientjes, christian.koenig, Shakeel Butt,
SeongJae Park, Michal Hocko, Johannes Weiner, Sweet Tea Dorminy,
Liam R . Howlett, Mike Rapoport, Suren Baghdasaryan,
Vlastimil Babka, Christian Brauner, Wei Yang, David Hildenbrand,
Miaohe Lin, Al Viro, Yu Zhao, Roman Gushchin, Mateusz Guzik,
Matthew Wilcox, Baolin Wang, Aboorva Devarajan, David Carlier,
Josh Law, linux-mm
On Wed, Aug 05, 2026 at 03:03:39PM -0400, Mathieu Desnoyers wrote:
> On 2026-08-05 14:57, Andrew Morton wrote:
> > On Wed, 5 Aug 2026 14:37:08 -0400 Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com> wrote:
> >
> > > On 2026-07-23 13:53, Mathieu Desnoyers wrote:
> > > > On 2026-07-07 09:15, Mathieu Desnoyers wrote:
> > > > > Hi Andrew,
> > > > >
> > > > > Here is the hierarchical percpu counters series rebased on top of
> > > > > v7.2-rc2. It includes small bootup fixes which were needed to fix
> > > > > bootup sequence on specific architectures, and a rename of the
> > > > > test config option to include "KUNIT_".
> > > > >
> > > > > This aims at replacing the prior version of the series you had
> > > > > in mm.
> > > > >
> > > > > As a reminder, the goal here is to provide more precise RSS counters
> > > > > through /proc.
> > > >
> > > > Hello,
> > > >
> > > > Just a gentle ping for feedback whenever it's convenient.
> > >
> > > Hi Andrew,
> > >
> > > Can you pick this up after the upcoming merge window ?
> >
> > Resending after -rc1 would be appropriate.
>
> Will do, thanks!
>
> >
> > > That's of course assuming this is solving an issue which is
> > > still relevant.
> > >
> > > If there is no interest in solving this issue anymore, kindly
> > > let me know and I'll drop this series.
> >
> > This was 1000-2000 patches ago so I've forgotten what the issue was!
> > Please ensure that changelogging describes the issue in glorious
> > detail and I'm sure it'll all come back.
>
> Certainly. For the immediate records, the issue addressed by this series
> is RSS stats inaccuracy when reading /proc files on large SMP boxes. It
> gets increasingly worse for long-lifetime processes which jump around
> various cores while allocating/freeing memory over their lifetime.
>
> And once we get this in, it would be relevant to use this infrastructure
> to address the tail latency of memcg oom killer, which AFAIU is now a
> scan in the order of num_possible_cpus * nb processes. Although not so
> bad when the OOM killer fires due to a machine memory use ballooning out
> of proportions, it's rather inconvenient to cause large latencies when
> it's used to apply the mem cgroup limits, which is a rather more common
> routine scenario nowadays.
Perhaps Shakeel might have an interest from the memcg side here? :)
Also similarly Johannes and Michal/Roman too perhaps?
>
> Thanks,
>
> Mathieu
>
> --
> Mathieu Desnoyers
> EfficiOS Inc.
> https://www.efficios.com
--
Cheers, Lorenzo
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread