[PATCH] platform/x86: dell-uart-backlight: fall back to PCH PWM on UART timeout

[PATCH] platform/x86: dell-uart-backlight: fall back to PCH PWM on UART timeout

[chitranshmandhaniya]

From: Chitransh Mandhaniya <Chitransh_Mandhaniya@dell.com>

Some Dell OptiPlex AIO 7410 (35W, board 01KP8D) ship with DELL0501 in
the ACPI DSDT (status = 0x0F) even though no UART scalar board is
physically present.  This causes acpi_video_get_backlight_type() to
return acpi_backlight_dell_uart, which makes i915 skip registering
intel_backlight.  The dell-uart-backlight driver then times out talking
to the absent board and the probe fails, leaving the machine with zero
backlight control.

A BIOS update fixes this on some models (e.g. OptiPlex 7420, board
0914RT) by setting DELL0501 _STA to 0, but Dell has not shipped a
corrected BIOS for the 7410 even in the latest release (1.37.0,
2026-05-28).

When the initial get_version command returns -ETIMEDOUT, fall back to
driving the backlight through the Intel PCH PWM registers (BLC_PWM_CTL /
BLC_PWM_FREQ / BLC_PWM_DUTY at MMIO BAR0 + 0xC8250).  The fallback
reads the BIOS-programmed PWM frequency as max_brightness and registers
a BACKLIGHT_PLATFORM device so that compositors (Weston, GNOME, KDE)
pick it up normally.

Tested on:
  - OptiPlex AIO 7410 35W (01KP8D) -- timeout, fallback activates, works
  - OptiPlex AIO 7420 35W (0914RT, old BIOS) -- timeout, fallback works
  - OptiPlex AIO 7420 35W (0914RT, new BIOS) -- DELL0501 absent, driver
    not loaded, intel_backlight works natively (no regression)

Signed-off-by: Chitransh Mandhaniya <Chitransh_Mandhaniya@dell.com>
---
 .../platform/x86/dell/dell-uart-backlight.c   | 116 +++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 113 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/platform/x86/dell/dell-uart-backlight.c b/drivers/platform/x86/dell/dell-uart-backlight.c
index f323a667dc2d..a2045e6c49bd 100644
--- a/drivers/platform/x86/dell/dell-uart-backlight.c
+++ b/drivers/platform/x86/dell/dell-uart-backlight.c
@@ -13,8 +13,10 @@
 #include <linux/delay.h>
 #include <linux/device.h>
 #include <linux/err.h>
+#include <linux/io.h>
 #include <linux/module.h>
 #include <linux/mutex.h>
+#include <linux/pci.h>
 #include <linux/platform_device.h>
 #include <linux/serdev.h>
 #include <linux/string.h>
@@ -50,6 +52,11 @@
 #define MIN_RESP_LEN			3
 #define MAX_RESP_LEN			80
 
+/* PCH PWM backlight registers relative to Intel GPU MMIO BAR0 */
+#define PCH_BLC_PWM_CTL		0xC8250
+#define PCH_BLC_PWM_FREQ	0xC8254
+#define PCH_BLC_PWM_DUTY	0xC8258
+
 struct dell_uart_backlight {
 	struct mutex mutex;
 	wait_queue_head_t wait_queue;
@@ -64,6 +71,11 @@ struct dell_uart_backlight {
 	int power;
 };
 
+struct dell_pwm_backlight {
+	void __iomem *mmio;
+	u32 max_brightness;
+};
+
 /* Checksum: SUM(Length and Cmd and Data) xor 0xFF */
 static u8 dell_uart_checksum(u8 *buf, int len)
 {
@@ -267,6 +279,97 @@ static const struct serdev_device_ops dell_uart_bl_serdev_ops = {
 	.write_wakeup = serdev_device_write_wakeup,
 };
 
+/*
+ * Some Dell AIO models (e.g. OptiPlex 7410) declare DELL0501 in ACPI but
+ * have no physical UART scalar board.  When the UART times out fall back
+ * to driving the Intel PCH PWM backlight registers directly.
+ */
+static int dell_pwm_update_status(struct backlight_device *bd)
+{
+	struct dell_pwm_backlight *pwm = bl_get_data(bd);
+	u32 duty;
+
+	if (bd->props.power != BACKLIGHT_POWER_ON ||
+	    bd->props.state & BL_CORE_SUSPENDED)
+		duty = 0;
+	else
+		duty = bd->props.brightness;
+
+	writel(duty, pwm->mmio + (PCH_BLC_PWM_DUTY - PCH_BLC_PWM_CTL));
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int dell_pwm_get_brightness(struct backlight_device *bd)
+{
+	struct dell_pwm_backlight *pwm = bl_get_data(bd);
+
+	return readl(pwm->mmio + (PCH_BLC_PWM_DUTY - PCH_BLC_PWM_CTL));
+}
+
+static const struct backlight_ops dell_pwm_backlight_ops = {
+	.update_status  = dell_pwm_update_status,
+	.get_brightness = dell_pwm_get_brightness,
+};
+
+static int dell_pwm_fallback_register(struct device *dev)
+{
+	struct dell_pwm_backlight *pwm;
+	struct backlight_properties props = {};
+	struct backlight_device *bl;
+	struct pci_dev *gpu;
+	resource_size_t bar0;
+	u32 freq, duty, ctl;
+
+	gpu = pci_get_class(PCI_CLASS_DISPLAY_VGA << 8, NULL);
+	if (!gpu || gpu->vendor != PCI_VENDOR_ID_INTEL) {
+		pci_dev_put(gpu);
+		dev_warn(dev, "No Intel GPU found, cannot fall back to PCH PWM\n");
+		return -ENODEV;
+	}
+
+	bar0 = pci_resource_start(gpu, 0);
+	pci_dev_put(gpu);
+	if (!bar0) {
+		dev_warn(dev, "Intel GPU BAR0 not assigned\n");
+		return -ENODEV;
+	}
+
+	pwm = devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(*pwm), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!pwm)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	pwm->mmio = devm_ioremap(dev, bar0 + PCH_BLC_PWM_CTL, 0x10);
+	if (!pwm->mmio) {
+		dev_warn(dev, "Failed to ioremap PCH PWM registers\n");
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	ctl  = readl(pwm->mmio);
+	freq = readl(pwm->mmio + (PCH_BLC_PWM_FREQ - PCH_BLC_PWM_CTL));
+	duty = readl(pwm->mmio + (PCH_BLC_PWM_DUTY - PCH_BLC_PWM_CTL));
+
+	if (!(ctl & BIT(31)) || freq == 0) {
+		dev_warn(dev, "PCH PWM not enabled by BIOS (ctl=0x%08x freq=%u)\n",
+			 ctl, freq);
+		return -ENODEV;
+	}
+
+	pwm->max_brightness = freq;
+
+	dev_info(dev, "Falling back to PCH PWM backlight (max=%u current=%u)\n",
+		 freq, duty);
+
+	props.type = BACKLIGHT_PLATFORM;
+	props.brightness = duty;
+	props.max_brightness = freq;
+
+	bl = devm_backlight_device_register(dev, "dell_uart_backlight",
+					    dev, pwm,
+					    &dell_pwm_backlight_ops,
+					    &props);
+	return PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(bl);
+}
+
 static int dell_uart_bl_serdev_probe(struct serdev_device *serdev)
 {
 	u8 get_version[GET_CMD_LEN], resp[MAX_RESP_LEN];
@@ -300,18 +403,18 @@ static int dell_uart_bl_serdev_probe(struct serdev_device *serdev)
 
 	ret = dell_uart_bl_command(dell_bl, get_version, GET_CMD_LEN, resp, MAX_RESP_LEN);
 	if (ret)
-		return dev_err_probe(dev, ret, "getting firmware version\n");
+		goto uart_fail;
 
 	dev_dbg(dev, "Firmware version: %.*s\n", resp[RESP_LEN] - 3, resp + RESP_DATA);
 
 	/* Initialize bl_power to a known value */
 	ret = dell_uart_set_bl_power(dell_bl, BACKLIGHT_POWER_ON);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto uart_fail;
 
 	ret = dell_uart_get_brightness(dell_bl);
 	if (ret < 0)
-		return ret;
+		goto uart_fail;
 
 	props.type = BACKLIGHT_PLATFORM;
 	props.brightness = ret;
@@ -323,6 +426,13 @@ static int dell_uart_bl_serdev_probe(struct serdev_device *serdev)
 						     &dell_uart_backlight_ops,
 						     &props);
 	return PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(dell_bl->bl);
+
+uart_fail:
+	if (ret == -ETIMEDOUT) {
+		dev_info(dev, "UART backlight controller not responding, trying PCH PWM fallback\n");
+		return dell_pwm_fallback_register(dev);
+	}
+	return dev_err_probe(dev, ret, "UART backlight communication failed\n");
 }
 
 static struct serdev_device_driver dell_uart_bl_serdev_driver = {
-- 
2.43.0

Re: [PATCH] platform/x86: dell-uart-backlight: fall back to PCH PWM on UART timeout

[Ilpo Järvinen]

On Thu, 8 Oct 2026, chitranshmandhaniya@gmail.com wrote:

> From: Chitransh Mandhaniya <Chitransh_Mandhaniya@dell.com>
> 
> Some Dell OptiPlex AIO 7410 (35W, board 01KP8D) ship with DELL0501 in
> the ACPI DSDT (status = 0x0F) even though no UART scalar board is
> physically present.  This causes acpi_video_get_backlight_type() to
> return acpi_backlight_dell_uart, which makes i915 skip registering
> intel_backlight.  The dell-uart-backlight driver then times out talking
> to the absent board and the probe fails, leaving the machine with zero
> backlight control.
> 
> A BIOS update fixes this on some models (e.g. OptiPlex 7420, board
> 0914RT) by setting DELL0501 _STA to 0, but Dell has not shipped a
> corrected BIOS for the 7410 even in the latest release (1.37.0,
> 2026-05-28).
> 
> When the initial get_version command returns -ETIMEDOUT, fall back to
> driving the backlight through the Intel PCH PWM registers (BLC_PWM_CTL /
> BLC_PWM_FREQ / BLC_PWM_DUTY at MMIO BAR0 + 0xC8250).  The fallback
> reads the BIOS-programmed PWM frequency as max_brightness and registers
> a BACKLIGHT_PLATFORM device so that compositors (Weston, GNOME, KDE)
> pick it up normally.
> 
> Tested on:
>   - OptiPlex AIO 7410 35W (01KP8D) -- timeout, fallback activates, works
>   - OptiPlex AIO 7420 35W (0914RT, old BIOS) -- timeout, fallback works
>   - OptiPlex AIO 7420 35W (0914RT, new BIOS) -- DELL0501 absent, driver
>     not loaded, intel_backlight works natively (no regression)
> 
> Signed-off-by: Chitransh Mandhaniya <Chitransh_Mandhaniya@dell.com>
> ---
>  .../platform/x86/dell/dell-uart-backlight.c   | 116 +++++++++++++++++-
>  1 file changed, 113 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/drivers/platform/x86/dell/dell-uart-backlight.c b/drivers/platform/x86/dell/dell-uart-backlight.c
> index f323a667dc2d..a2045e6c49bd 100644
> --- a/drivers/platform/x86/dell/dell-uart-backlight.c
> +++ b/drivers/platform/x86/dell/dell-uart-backlight.c
> @@ -13,8 +13,10 @@
>  #include <linux/delay.h>
>  #include <linux/device.h>
>  #include <linux/err.h>
> +#include <linux/io.h>
>  #include <linux/module.h>
>  #include <linux/mutex.h>
> +#include <linux/pci.h>
>  #include <linux/platform_device.h>
>  #include <linux/serdev.h>
>  #include <linux/string.h>
> @@ -50,6 +52,11 @@
>  #define MIN_RESP_LEN			3
>  #define MAX_RESP_LEN			80
>  
> +/* PCH PWM backlight registers relative to Intel GPU MMIO BAR0 */
> +#define PCH_BLC_PWM_CTL		0xC8250
> +#define PCH_BLC_PWM_FREQ	0xC8254
> +#define PCH_BLC_PWM_DUTY	0xC8258
> +
>  struct dell_uart_backlight {
>  	struct mutex mutex;
>  	wait_queue_head_t wait_queue;
> @@ -64,6 +71,11 @@ struct dell_uart_backlight {
>  	int power;
>  };
>  
> +struct dell_pwm_backlight {
> +	void __iomem *mmio;
> +	u32 max_brightness;
> +};
> +
>  /* Checksum: SUM(Length and Cmd and Data) xor 0xFF */
>  static u8 dell_uart_checksum(u8 *buf, int len)
>  {
> @@ -267,6 +279,97 @@ static const struct serdev_device_ops dell_uart_bl_serdev_ops = {
>  	.write_wakeup = serdev_device_write_wakeup,
>  };
>  
> +/*
> + * Some Dell AIO models (e.g. OptiPlex 7410) declare DELL0501 in ACPI but
> + * have no physical UART scalar board.  When the UART times out fall back

Nit, one space is enough.

> + * to driving the Intel PCH PWM backlight registers directly.
> + */
> +static int dell_pwm_update_status(struct backlight_device *bd)
> +{
> +	struct dell_pwm_backlight *pwm = bl_get_data(bd);
> +	u32 duty;
> +
> +	if (bd->props.power != BACKLIGHT_POWER_ON ||
> +	    bd->props.state & BL_CORE_SUSPENDED)
> +		duty = 0;
> +	else
> +		duty = bd->props.brightness;
> +
> +	writel(duty, pwm->mmio + (PCH_BLC_PWM_DUTY - PCH_BLC_PWM_CTL));

Please add linux/io.h to includes.

> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +static int dell_pwm_get_brightness(struct backlight_device *bd)
> +{
> +	struct dell_pwm_backlight *pwm = bl_get_data(bd);
> +
> +	return readl(pwm->mmio + (PCH_BLC_PWM_DUTY - PCH_BLC_PWM_CTL));
> +}
> +
> +static const struct backlight_ops dell_pwm_backlight_ops = {
> +	.update_status  = dell_pwm_update_status,
> +	.get_brightness = dell_pwm_get_brightness,
> +};
> +
> +static int dell_pwm_fallback_register(struct device *dev)
> +{
> +	struct dell_pwm_backlight *pwm;
> +	struct backlight_properties props = {};
> +	struct backlight_device *bl;
> +	struct pci_dev *gpu;
> +	resource_size_t bar0;
> +	u32 freq, duty, ctl;
> +
> +	gpu = pci_get_class(PCI_CLASS_DISPLAY_VGA << 8, NULL);
> +	if (!gpu || gpu->vendor != PCI_VENDOR_ID_INTEL) {
> +		pci_dev_put(gpu);
> +		dev_warn(dev, "No Intel GPU found, cannot fall back to PCH PWM\n");

Add include.

> +		return -ENODEV;
> +	}
> +
> +	bar0 = pci_resource_start(gpu, 0);
> +	pci_dev_put(gpu);

Don't duplicating pci_dev_put(), __free() can be used to autorelease it.

> +	if (!bar0) {
> +		dev_warn(dev, "Intel GPU BAR0 not assigned\n");
> +		return -ENODEV;
> +	}
> +
> +	pwm = devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(*pwm), GFP_KERNEL);
> +	if (!pwm)
> +		return -ENOMEM;
> +
> +	pwm->mmio = devm_ioremap(dev, bar0 + PCH_BLC_PWM_CTL, 0x10);

SZ_xx + add include.

> +	if (!pwm->mmio) {
> +		dev_warn(dev, "Failed to ioremap PCH PWM registers\n");
> +		return -ENOMEM;
> +	}
> +
> +	ctl  = readl(pwm->mmio);
> +	freq = readl(pwm->mmio + (PCH_BLC_PWM_FREQ - PCH_BLC_PWM_CTL));
> +	duty = readl(pwm->mmio + (PCH_BLC_PWM_DUTY - PCH_BLC_PWM_CTL));
> +
> +	if (!(ctl & BIT(31)) || freq == 0) {

Please name BIT(31) with a define.

> +		dev_warn(dev, "PCH PWM not enabled by BIOS (ctl=0x%08x freq=%u)\n",
> +			 ctl, freq);
> +		return -ENODEV;
> +	}
> +
> +	pwm->max_brightness = freq;
> +
> +	dev_info(dev, "Falling back to PCH PWM backlight (max=%u current=%u)\n",
> +		 freq, duty);
> +
> +	props.type = BACKLIGHT_PLATFORM;
> +	props.brightness = duty;
> +	props.max_brightness = freq;
> +
> +	bl = devm_backlight_device_register(dev, "dell_uart_backlight",
> +					    dev, pwm,
> +					    &dell_pwm_backlight_ops,
> +					    &props);

Fits to less lines.

You may also use up to 100 chars for code where it helps.

> +	return PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(bl);
> +}
> +
>  static int dell_uart_bl_serdev_probe(struct serdev_device *serdev)
>  {
>  	u8 get_version[GET_CMD_LEN], resp[MAX_RESP_LEN];
> @@ -300,18 +403,18 @@ static int dell_uart_bl_serdev_probe(struct serdev_device *serdev)
>  
>  	ret = dell_uart_bl_command(dell_bl, get_version, GET_CMD_LEN, resp, MAX_RESP_LEN);
>  	if (ret)
> -		return dev_err_probe(dev, ret, "getting firmware version\n");
> +		goto uart_fail;
>  
>  	dev_dbg(dev, "Firmware version: %.*s\n", resp[RESP_LEN] - 3, resp + RESP_DATA);
>  
>  	/* Initialize bl_power to a known value */
>  	ret = dell_uart_set_bl_power(dell_bl, BACKLIGHT_POWER_ON);
>  	if (ret)
> -		return ret;
> +		goto uart_fail;
>  
>  	ret = dell_uart_get_brightness(dell_bl);
>  	if (ret < 0)
> -		return ret;
> +		goto uart_fail;
>  
>  	props.type = BACKLIGHT_PLATFORM;
>  	props.brightness = ret;
> @@ -323,6 +426,13 @@ static int dell_uart_bl_serdev_probe(struct serdev_device *serdev)
>  						     &dell_uart_backlight_ops,
>  						     &props);
>  	return PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(dell_bl->bl);
> +
> +uart_fail:
> +	if (ret == -ETIMEDOUT) {
> +		dev_info(dev, "UART backlight controller not responding, trying PCH PWM fallback\n");
> +		return dell_pwm_fallback_register(dev);

This looks like rollback path but isn't.

How about adding a function for the "normal" BL init so you can structure 
the code more logically.

> +	}
> +	return dev_err_probe(dev, ret, "UART backlight communication failed\n");
>  }
>  
>  static struct serdev_device_driver dell_uart_bl_serdev_driver = {
> 

-- 
 i.