[PATCH net-next v2 0/5] net: deprecate skb->pp_recycle and skb_mark_for_recycle()

[PATCH net-next v2 0/5] net: deprecate skb->pp_recycle and skb_mark_for_recycle()

[Mina Almasry]

Remove the per-SKB skb->pp_recycle bitfield and skb_mark_for_recycle()
helper, and reference-count netmems directly by their underlying type
via netmem_is_pp() inside netmem_inc_ref() and netmem_dec_ref().

Establish the invariant that pp_ref_count is only incremented by callers
that already hold an active pp_ref_count (>= 1) on that netmem, and a
raw page_ref_count is never converted into a pp_ref_count:
- Detach page_pool pages in tcp_zerocopy_receive() before mapping them
  into userspace via vm_insert_pages(), so userspace VMAs and subsequent
  GUP callers (such as MSG_ZEROCOPY or vmsplice()) never observe an
  active page_pool page.
- Fall back to copying in tls_push_data() when MSG_SPLICE_PAGES
  encounters a page_pool page, since kTLS device offload record->frags[]
  tracks pages via raw struct page references.
- Keep page_pool_unref_netmem(), napi_pp_get_page(), napi_pp_put_page(),
  and __page_pool_put_page() free of 0 -> 1 pp_ref_count conversion
  workarounds or extra barriers, preserving the non-atomic
  page_pool_unref_netmem() fast path unchanged.

bench_page_pool_simple results (5-iteration interleaved UML runs):
- no-softirq-page_pool01 (fast-path cache recycle): 40 cycles (20.3 ns)
  baseline vs 30-31 cycles (15.3 ns) patched (~9-10 cycles / -24.7%
  improvement over baseline: using __netmem_to_page() in
  page_pool_netmem_is_exclusively_owned() and
  __page_pool_page_can_be_recycled() after checking netmem_is_net_iov()
  eliminates two redundant WARN_ON_ONCE() expansions and out-of-line
  netmem_to_page() calls per recycle).
- no-softirq-page_pool02 (ptr_ring recycle): 81 cycles (40.7 ns)
  baseline vs 74 cycles (37.2 ns) patched (~7 cycles / -8.6%
  improvement over baseline).
- no-softirq-page_pool03 (slow page-allocator path with elevated
  page_ref_count): 458-461 cycles (230.0 ns) baseline vs 454-455 cycles
  (227.6 ns) patched (~5 cycles / -1.0% improvement over baseline).

This series simplifies SKB and netmem reference counting:
- Reclaims 1 bit from struct sk_buff (skb->pp_recycle).
- Unifies reference counting of SKB fragment netmems and regular netmems
  under netmem_inc_ref() and netmem_dec_ref(), eliminating the separate
  skb_netmem_ref(), skb_netmem_unref(), and skb_mark_for_recycle() APIs.
- Removes 95 net lines across 65 files (339 insertions, 434 deletions).

1/5: net: skbuff: skip managed zerocopy frags in skb_frag_ref()
2/5: net: skbuff: refcount spliced page_pool frags via skb_pipe_buf_ops
3/5: tcp: detach page_pool pages before mapping in tcp_zerocopy_receive()
4/5: net: remove skb->pp_recycle and consolidate netmem refcounting
5/5: net: remove skb_mark_for_recycle()

v1 -> v2:
- Patch 2/5: Check page_ref_count(compound_head(buf->page)) <= 0 with
  WARN_ON_ONCE() in skb_pipe_buf_get() to guard against refcount
  overflow, and fall back to copying in tls_push_data() when
  MSG_SPLICE_PAGES encounters a page_pool page so kTLS device offload
  never converts a raw page_ref_count into a pp_ref_count.
- Patch 3/5: Replace zerocopy_fill_skb_from_iter() refcount conversion
  with detaching page_pool pages up front in tcp_zerocopy_receive()
  before vm_insert_pages().
- Patch 4/5: Keep net/tls/ record->frags[] and fallback scatterlists on
  get_page()/put_page() to match mlx5 tx_sync_info_get(), and restore
  page_pool_unref_netmem(), napi_pp_get_page(), napi_pp_put_page(), and
  __page_pool_put_page() to their clean baseline non-RMW fast paths.
- v1:
  https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/20261103211424.127627-1-almasrymina@google.com/

Notes on Medium/Low Sashiko findings intentionally skipped:
- Patch 1/5 (Low): iptfs_output_queued() skb_zcopy_managed() check does
  not carry a separate Fixes: tag as it is part of this net-next
  refactoring series.
- Patch 3/5 (Medium): can_map_frag() requires page_pool_ref_count == 1,
  so drivers holding an undrained fragment bias (e.g. mlx5 mpwqe, fbnic)
  fall back to copying in tcp_zerocopy_receive() (documented in commit
  message; detaching requires holding the sole pp_ref_count).
- Patch 3/5 (Low): page_pool_ref_count() naming kept to mirror
  page_ref_count().
- Patch 4/5 (Medium): skb_irq_freeable() in netpoll_zap_completion_queue()
  does not check netmem_is_pp() (pre-existing for forwarded pp_recycle=1
  RX SKBs; documented in commit message Caveats).
- Patch 4/5 (Low): napi_pp_get_page() and napi_pp_put_page() remain
  out-of-line exported functions in net/core/skbuff.c.

Mina Almasry (5):
  net: skbuff: skip managed zerocopy frags in skb_frag_ref()
  net: skbuff: refcount spliced page_pool frags via skb_pipe_buf_ops
  tcp: detach page_pool pages before mapping in tcp_zerocopy_receive()
  net: remove skb->pp_recycle and consolidate netmem refcounting
  net: remove skb_mark_for_recycle()

 Documentation/networking/page_pool.rst        |   1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/airoha/airoha_eth.c      |   1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/alibaba/eea/eea_rx.c     |   3 -
 .../net/ethernet/broadcom/asp2/bcmasp_intf.c  |   1 -
 .../net/ethernet/broadcom/bnge/bnge_txrx.c    |   5 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/bnxt/bnxt.c     |   8 -
 .../net/ethernet/broadcom/genet/bcmgenet.c    |   2 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/cisco/enic/enic_rq.c     |   1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/engleder/tsnep_main.c    |   2 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/freescale/fec_main.c     |   1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_rx_dqo.c  |   9 -
 .../net/ethernet/hisilicon/hibmcge/hbg_txrx.c |   1 -
 .../net/ethernet/hisilicon/hns3/hns3_enet.c   |   6 -
 .../net/ethernet/huawei/hinic3/hinic3_rx.c    |   1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/intel/iavf/iavf_txrx.c   |   2 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/mvneta.c         |   2 -
 .../net/ethernet/marvell/mvpp2/mvpp2_main.c   |   2 -
 .../marvell/octeontx2/nic/otx2_txrx.c         |   1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/mediatek/mtk_eth_soc.c   |   1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx4/en_rx.c    |   1 -
 .../net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx5/core/en_rx.c   |   8 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlxsw/pci.c     |   2 -
 .../ethernet/microchip/lan966x/lan966x_fdma.c |   2 -
 .../microchip/sparx5/lan969x/lan969x_fdma.c   |   1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/microsoft/mana/mana_en.c |   3 -
 .../net/ethernet/mucse/rnpgbe/rnpgbe_lib.c    |   1 -
 .../net/ethernet/pensando/ionic/ionic_txrx.c  |   2 -
 .../net/ethernet/realtek/rtase/rtase_main.c   |   1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/renesas/ravb_main.c      |   2 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/socionext/netsec.c       |   1 -
 .../net/ethernet/stmicro/stmmac/stmmac_main.c |   1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/tehuti/tn40.c            |   1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/ti/am65-cpsw-nuss.c      |   1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/ti/cpsw.c                |   2 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/ti/cpsw_new.c            |   2 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/ti/icssg/icssg_common.c  |   1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/wangxun/libwx/wx_lib.c   |   2 -
 drivers/net/veth.c                            |   3 +-
 drivers/net/virtio_net.c                      |  16 +-
 drivers/net/vmxnet3/vmxnet3_xdp.c             |   1 -
 drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/dma.c      |   1 -
 .../net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/mt7996/mac.c   |   1 -
 drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/npu.c      |   1 -
 drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/usb.c      |   1 -
 drivers/net/xen-netfront.c                    |   1 -
 include/linux/mm.h                            |   2 +-
 include/linux/skbuff.h                        |  12 +-
 include/linux/skbuff_ref.h                    |  60 +---
 include/net/netmem.h                          |  37 ++-
 include/net/page_pool/helpers.h               |  25 +-
 net/core/datagram.c                           |   2 +
 net/core/gro.c                                |   9 -
 net/core/net_test.c                           | 274 ++++++++----------
 net/core/netmem_priv.h                        |  21 +-
 net/core/page_pool.c                          |   6 +-
 net/core/skbuff.c                             |  74 ++---
 net/core/xdp.c                                |  13 +-
 net/ipv4/esp4.c                               |  11 +-
 net/ipv4/tcp.c                                |  44 ++-
 net/ipv6/esp6.c                               |  11 +-
 net/tls/tls_device.c                          |   8 +-
 net/tls/tls_device_fallback.c                 |   2 +-
 net/wireless/util.c                           |  31 +-
 net/xfrm/trace_iptfs.h                        |   6 +-
 net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c                         |  16 +-
 65 files changed, 339 insertions(+), 434 deletions(-)


base-commit: 7b6ab4dbc156e2f96419715130b3d5738a306c93
-- 
2.56.0.455.g6c5a503b38-goog

[PATCH net-next v2 1/5] net: skbuff: skip managed zerocopy frags in skb_frag_ref()

[Mina Almasry]

skb_frag_unref() and skb_release_data() skip releasing references on
managed zerocopy fragments (SKBFL_MANAGED_FRAG_REFS), whereas
skb_frag_ref() acquires a reference unconditionally. If skb_frag_ref()
is called on a managed zerocopy SKB, the acquired reference is never
released by skb_frag_unref() or skb_release_data().

Skip acquiring a reference in skb_frag_ref() when skb_zcopy_managed(skb)
is true so skb_frag_ref() matches skb_frag_unref() and
skb_release_data(), and disable share_ok in iptfs_output_queued() when
skb_zcopy_managed(skb) is true so iptfs_consume_frags() does not append
unreferenced fragments into a managed zerocopy outer SKB.

Signed-off-by: Mina Almasry <almasrymina@google.com>
---
 include/linux/skbuff_ref.h | 10 +++++++---
 net/core/net_test.c        | 10 ++++++++++
 net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c      |  3 ++-
 3 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/skbuff_ref.h b/include/linux/skbuff_ref.h
index b6f6da556ee90..e94c599ce83d2 100644
--- a/include/linux/skbuff_ref.h
+++ b/include/linux/skbuff_ref.h
@@ -36,12 +36,16 @@ static __always_inline void skb_netmem_ref(netmem_ref netmem, bool recycle)
  *
  * Acquires a reference on the @f'th fragment of @skb via skb_netmem_ref()
  * (pp_ref_count if skb->pp_recycle and page_pool-backed, else non-pp
- * backing refcount). Counterpart to skb_frag_unref().
+ * backing refcount), skipping managed zerocopy fragments. Counterpart to
+ * skb_frag_unref().
  */
 static __always_inline void skb_frag_ref(struct sk_buff *skb, int f)
 {
-	skb_netmem_ref(skb_frag_netmem(&skb_shinfo(skb)->frags[f]),
-		       skb->pp_recycle);
+	struct skb_shared_info *shinfo = skb_shinfo(skb);
+
+	if (!skb_zcopy_managed(skb))
+		skb_netmem_ref(skb_frag_netmem(&shinfo->frags[f]),
+			       skb->pp_recycle);
 }
 
 bool napi_pp_put_page(netmem_ref netmem);
diff --git a/net/core/net_test.c b/net/core/net_test.c
index 2b5080c226636..e20059a00003c 100644
--- a/net/core/net_test.c
+++ b/net/core/net_test.c
@@ -571,6 +571,16 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_page(struct kunit *test)
 	skb_frag_unref(skb, 0);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
 
+	/* SKBFL_MANAGED_FRAG_REFS skips both skb_frag_ref and skb_frag_unref */
+	skb_shinfo(skb)->flags |= SKBFL_ZEROCOPY_ENABLE |
+				  SKBFL_MANAGED_FRAG_REFS;
+	skb_frag_ref(skb, 0);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
+	skb_frag_unref(skb, 0);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
+	skb_shinfo(skb)->flags &= ~(SKBFL_ZEROCOPY_ENABLE |
+				    SKBFL_MANAGED_FRAG_REFS);
+
 	skb_shinfo(skb)->nr_frags = 0;
 	consume_skb(skb);
 	__free_page(page);
diff --git a/net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c b/net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c
index 103cf7c5dbfb9..04ef833074fc8 100644
--- a/net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c
+++ b/net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c
@@ -2258,7 +2258,8 @@ static void iptfs_output_queued(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff_head *list)
 				nextp = &(*nextp)->next;
 		}
 
-		if (shi->frag_list || skb_cloned(skb) || skb_shared(skb))
+		if (shi->frag_list || skb_cloned(skb) || skb_shared(skb) ||
+		    skb_zcopy_managed(skb))
 			share_ok = false;
 
 		/* See if we have enough space to simply append.
-- 
2.56.0.455.g6c5a503b38-goog

[PATCH net-next v2 2/5] net: skbuff: refcount spliced page_pool frags via skb_pipe_buf_ops

[Mina Almasry]

Update skb_splice_bits() (spd_fill_page(), sock_spd_release(), and
skb_pipe_buf_ops) and skb_append_pagefrags() to acquire and release
references via netmem_inc_ref(), netmem_dec_ref(), and skb_frag_ref()
so page_pool RX fragments spliced into a pipe remain pinned in the pool
while in the pipe and pair with skb_append_pagefrags() and
skb_release_data() when spliced into a TX socket once netmem_inc_ref()
and netmem_dec_ref() handle page_pool netmems.

In tls_push_data(), fall back to copying when MSG_SPLICE_PAGES
encounters a page_pool page because kTLS device offload record->frags[]
tracks pages via raw struct page references rather than pp_ref_count
before handing them to tls_push_sg().

Caveats:
- Because pipe buffers created by skb_splice_bits() hold pp_ref_count
  until released (including across tee()), user pipes holding
  unconsumed spliced data keep those page_pool pages in-flight and
  DMA-mapped in the pool (bounded by pipe capacity and RLIMIT_NOFILE
  rather than sk_rcvbuf) until the pipe buffers are consumed or closed,
  with page_pool_destroy() deferring pool release via its periodic
  workqueue and page_pool_scrub() unmapping DMA.

Signed-off-by: Mina Almasry <almasrymina@google.com>
---
 net/core/skbuff.c    | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 net/tls/tls_device.c |  6 ++++++
 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/net/core/skbuff.c b/net/core/skbuff.c
index 48f6764117243..19d4ce347c41b 100644
--- a/net/core/skbuff.c
+++ b/net/core/skbuff.c
@@ -3114,9 +3114,32 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(skb_copy_bits);
  */
 static void sock_spd_release(struct splice_pipe_desc *spd, unsigned int i)
 {
-	put_page(spd->pages[i]);
+	netmem_dec_ref(page_to_netmem(spd->pages[i]));
 }
 
+static void skb_pipe_buf_release(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe,
+				 struct pipe_buffer *buf)
+{
+	netmem_dec_ref(page_to_netmem(buf->page));
+}
+
+static bool skb_pipe_buf_get(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe,
+			     struct pipe_buffer *buf)
+{
+	struct page *page = compound_head(buf->page);
+
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(page_ref_count(page) <= 0))
+		return false;
+
+	netmem_inc_ref(page_to_netmem(page));
+	return true;
+}
+
+static const struct pipe_buf_operations skb_pipe_buf_ops = {
+	.release	= skb_pipe_buf_release,
+	.get		= skb_pipe_buf_get,
+};
+
 static struct page *linear_to_page(struct page *page, unsigned int *len,
 				   unsigned int *offset,
 				   struct sock *sk)
@@ -3165,7 +3188,7 @@ static bool spd_fill_page(struct splice_pipe_desc *spd, struct page *page,
 		spd->partial[spd->nr_pages - 1].len += *len;
 		return false;
 	}
-	get_page(page);
+	netmem_inc_ref(page_to_netmem(page));
 	spd->pages[spd->nr_pages] = page;
 	spd->partial[spd->nr_pages].len = *len;
 	spd->partial[spd->nr_pages].offset = offset;
@@ -3281,7 +3304,7 @@ int skb_splice_bits(struct sk_buff *skb, struct sock *sk, unsigned int offset,
 		.pages = pages,
 		.partial = partial,
 		.nr_pages_max = MAX_SKB_FRAGS,
-		.ops = &nosteal_pipe_buf_ops,
+		.ops = &skb_pipe_buf_ops,
 		.spd_release = sock_spd_release,
 	};
 	int ret = 0;
@@ -4692,8 +4715,8 @@ int skb_append_pagefrags(struct sk_buff *skb, struct page *page,
 		skb_frag_size_add(&skb_shinfo(skb)->frags[i - 1], size);
 	} else if (i < max_frags) {
 		skb_zcopy_downgrade_managed(skb);
-		get_page(page);
 		skb_fill_page_desc_noacc(skb, i, page, offset, size);
+		skb_frag_ref(skb, i);
 	} else {
 		return -EMSGSIZE;
 	}
diff --git a/net/tls/tls_device.c b/net/tls/tls_device.c
index 4cdfbb57ecff0..05abf8e23f78a 100644
--- a/net/tls/tls_device.c
+++ b/net/tls/tls_device.c
@@ -513,10 +513,16 @@ static int tls_push_data(struct sock *sk,
 				goto handle_error;
 			}
 
+			if (page_pool_page_is_pp(compound_head(*pages))) {
+				iov_iter_revert(iter, copy);
+				goto copy_data;
+			}
+
 			zc_pfrag.offset = off;
 			zc_pfrag.size = copy;
 			tls_append_frag(record, &zc_pfrag, copy);
 		} else if (copy) {
+copy_data:
 			copy = min_t(size_t, copy, pfrag->size - pfrag->offset);
 
 			rc = tls_device_copy_data(page_address(pfrag->page) +
-- 
2.56.0.455.g6c5a503b38-goog

[PATCH net-next v2 3/5] tcp: detach page_pool pages before mapping in tcp_zerocopy_receive()

[Mina Almasry]

Once tcp_zerocopy_receive() maps an order-0 RX fragment page into a
userspace VMA via vm_insert_pages(), vm_insert_pages() increments
page->_refcount, which prevents the page from being recycled back into
its page_pool when the RX SKB is freed. However, while the RX SKB still
holds its fragment reference, the page remains marked as a page_pool
page (page_pool_page_is_pp(page) == true) inside the userspace VMA, so
subsequent GUP callers such as sendmsg(MSG_ZEROCOPY) or vmsplice() can
encounter a page_pool page while holding only a raw struct page
reference.

Establish the invariant that pp_ref_count is only incremented by callers
that already hold an active pp_ref_count (>= 1) on that netmem, and a
raw page_ref_count is never converted into a pp_ref_count:
- In can_map_frag(), require !skb_cloned(skb), page_pool_ref_count == 1,
  and page_ref_count == 1 for page_pool pages so the fragment being
  mapped holds the sole reference to the page; cloned SKBs or page_pool
  pages with additional references (including drivers holding an
  undrained fragment bias) fall back to copying.
- In tcp_zerocopy_receive(), convert the fragment's sole pp_ref_count
  into a regular page reference and detach the page from its page_pool
  via get_page(page) + napi_pp_put_page(page_to_netmem(page)) before
  queueing the page for vm_insert_pages(). If vm_insert_pages()
  subsequently fails, the detached page remains referenced by the RX SKB
  via its regular page reference and is freed back to the page allocator
  when the SKB is consumed.

Signed-off-by: Mina Almasry <almasrymina@google.com>
---
 include/net/page_pool/helpers.h |  5 ++++
 net/core/datagram.c             |  2 ++
 net/ipv4/tcp.c                  | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 3 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/net/page_pool/helpers.h b/include/net/page_pool/helpers.h
index 28635ce9454e8..c814ce95282eb 100644
--- a/include/net/page_pool/helpers.h
+++ b/include/net/page_pool/helpers.h
@@ -242,6 +242,11 @@ page_pool_get_dma_dir(const struct page_pool *pool)
 	return pool->p.dma_dir;
 }
 
+static inline long page_pool_ref_count(netmem_ref netmem)
+{
+	return atomic_long_read(netmem_get_pp_ref_count_ref(netmem));
+}
+
 static inline void page_pool_fragment_netmem(netmem_ref netmem, long nr)
 {
 	atomic_long_set(netmem_get_pp_ref_count_ref(netmem), nr);
diff --git a/net/core/datagram.c b/net/core/datagram.c
index ecc30a6f83023..808eda4f7efb5 100644
--- a/net/core/datagram.c
+++ b/net/core/datagram.c
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
  *
  */
 
+#include <kunit/visibility.h>
 #include <linux/module.h>
 #include <linux/types.h>
 #include <linux/kernel.h>
@@ -702,6 +703,7 @@ int zerocopy_fill_skb_from_iter(struct sk_buff *skb,
 	}
 	return 0;
 }
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_IF_KUNIT(zerocopy_fill_skb_from_iter);
 
 static int
 zerocopy_fill_skb_from_devmem(struct sk_buff *skb, struct iov_iter *from,
diff --git a/net/ipv4/tcp.c b/net/ipv4/tcp.c
index b9de7c302ba83..a984e7e93e4c9 100644
--- a/net/ipv4/tcp.c
+++ b/net/ipv4/tcp.c
@@ -286,6 +286,7 @@
 #include <asm/ioctls.h>
 #include <net/busy_poll.h>
 #include <net/hotdata.h>
+#include <net/page_pool/helpers.h>
 #include <trace/events/tcp.h>
 #include <net/rps.h>
 
@@ -1921,7 +1922,7 @@ static skb_frag_t *skb_advance_to_frag(struct sk_buff *skb, u32 offset_skb,
 	return frag;
 }
 
-static bool can_map_frag(const skb_frag_t *frag)
+static bool can_map_frag(const struct sk_buff *skb, const skb_frag_t *frag)
 {
 	struct page *page;
 
@@ -1935,18 +1936,32 @@ static bool can_map_frag(const skb_frag_t *frag)
 	if (PageCompound(page) || page->mapping)
 		return false;
 
+	/* Before mapping a page_pool page into userspace,
+	 * tcp_zerocopy_receive() converts this fragment's pp_ref_count into a
+	 * regular page reference and detaches the page from its page_pool via
+	 * napi_pp_put_page(). Require this skb_frag_t to hold the sole
+	 * reference to the page so no other fragment or SKB clone expects
+	 * pp_ref_count on it after detachment.
+	 */
+	if (page_pool_page_is_pp(page) &&
+	    (skb_cloned(skb) ||
+	     page_pool_ref_count(page_to_netmem(page)) != 1 ||
+	     page_ref_count(page) != 1))
+		return false;
+
 	return true;
 }
 
-static int find_next_mappable_frag(const skb_frag_t *frag,
+static int find_next_mappable_frag(const struct sk_buff *skb,
+				   const skb_frag_t *frag,
 				   int remaining_in_skb)
 {
 	int offset = 0;
 
-	if (likely(can_map_frag(frag)))
+	if (likely(can_map_frag(skb, frag)))
 		return 0;
 
-	while (offset < remaining_in_skb && !can_map_frag(frag)) {
+	while (offset < remaining_in_skb && !can_map_frag(skb, frag)) {
 		offset += skb_frag_size(frag);
 		++frag;
 	}
@@ -1986,7 +2001,8 @@ static void tcp_zerocopy_set_hint_for_skb(struct sock *sk,
 	 * mappable_offset: Bytes till next mappable frag, *not* counting bytes
 	 * in partial_frag_remainder.
 	 */
-	mappable_offset = find_next_mappable_frag(frag, zc->recv_skip_hint);
+	mappable_offset = find_next_mappable_frag(skb, frag,
+						  zc->recv_skip_hint);
 	zc->recv_skip_hint = mappable_offset + partial_frag_remainder;
 }
 
@@ -2290,7 +2306,7 @@ static int tcp_zerocopy_receive(struct sock *sk,
 				break;
 		}
 
-		mappable_offset = find_next_mappable_frag(frags,
+		mappable_offset = find_next_mappable_frag(skb, frags,
 							  zc->recv_skip_hint);
 		if (mappable_offset) {
 			zc->recv_skip_hint = mappable_offset;
@@ -2300,6 +2316,22 @@ static int tcp_zerocopy_receive(struct sock *sk,
 		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!page))
 			break;
 
+		/* Convert this fragment's sole pp_ref_count into a regular
+		 * page reference and detach the page from its page_pool before
+		 * mapping it into userspace. Once vm_insert_pages() elevates
+		 * page_ref_count the page cannot be recycled into the
+		 * page_pool anyway (and if vm_insert_pages() fails, the
+		 * detached page is freed to the page allocator when the skb is
+		 * consumed); detaching it up front ensures that a page_pool
+		 * page is never mapped into a userspace VMA (where GUP callers
+		 * such as MSG_ZEROCOPY or vmsplice() would otherwise observe a
+		 * page_pool page while holding only a raw page_ref_count).
+		 */
+		if (page_pool_page_is_pp(page)) {
+			get_page(page);
+			napi_pp_put_page(page_to_netmem(page));
+		}
+
 		prefetchw(page);
 		pages[pages_to_map++] = page;
 		length += PAGE_SIZE;
-- 
2.56.0.455.g6c5a503b38-goog

[PATCH net-next v2 4/5] net: remove skb->pp_recycle and consolidate netmem refcounting

[Mina Almasry]

skb->pp_recycle was introduced in commit 6a5bcd84e886 ("page_pool: Allow
drivers to hint on SKB recycling") when drivers had to explicitly opt in
to page_pool SKB recycling and to avoid touching struct page on the free
path. Today every page_pool-backed netmem carries its own identity via
netmem_is_pp(), making the per-SKB skb->pp_recycle bitfield redundant
and error-prone when SKBs are cloned, split, segmented, shifted, or
coalesced across page_pool and non-page_pool buffers. For non-page_pool
pages, get_page(), put_page(), and skb_free_frag() immediately load the
same first struct page cache line (compound_head, which shares the cache
line with pp_magic), so checking netmem_is_pp() does not add an extra
cache-line load.

Remove skb->pp_recycle and check netmem_is_pp() directly via
napi_pp_get_page() and napi_pp_put_page() inside netmem_inc_ref(),
netmem_dec_ref(), and skb_pp_recycle(), dropping the now-redundant
skb_netmem_ref() and skb_netmem_unref() wrappers. Keep
skb_mark_for_recycle() as a no-op stub to remove its callers in a
separate patch.

Use READ_ONCE() and WRITE_ONCE() on pp_magic because every SKB fragment
ref/unref now checks netmem_is_pp(), and page->pp_magic shares a struct
page union word with folio->lru.next which MM code may concurrently
modify on page-cache folios in TX SKBs.

Because pp_ref_count is only incremented by callers that already hold an
active pp_ref_count (>= 1) on that netmem and tcp_zerocopy_receive()
detaches page_pool pages before mapping them into userspace, a raw
page_ref_count is never converted into a pp_ref_count and
page_pool_unref_netmem() keeps its non-RMW fast path unchanged.

bench_page_pool_simple results (5-iteration interleaved UML runs):
- no-softirq-page_pool01 (fast-path cache recycle): 40 cycles (20.3 ns)
  baseline vs 30-31 cycles (15.3 ns) patched (~9-10 cycles / -24.7%
  improvement: using __netmem_to_page() in
  page_pool_netmem_is_exclusively_owned() and
  __page_pool_page_can_be_recycled() after checking netmem_is_net_iov()
  eliminates two redundant WARN_ON_ONCE() expansions and out-of-line
  netmem_to_page() calls per recycle).
- no-softirq-page_pool02 (ptr_ring recycle): 81 cycles (40.7 ns)
  baseline vs 74 cycles (37.2 ns) patched (~7 cycles / -8.6%
  improvement for the same reason).
- no-softirq-page_pool03 (slow page-allocator path with elevated
  page_ref_count): 458-461 cycles (230.0 ns) baseline vs 454-455 cycles
  (227.6 ns) patched (~5 cycles / -1.0% improvement).

Notes:
- __frame_add_frag() in net/wireless/util.c is switched from get_page()
  to skb_frag_ref() (with a MAX_SKB_FRAGS check) so mac80211 A-MSDU
  subframe SKBs on page_pool wireless drivers (such as mt76) pair with
  skb_release_data().
- destroy_record() in net/tls/tls_device.c and fill_sg_in() in
  net/tls/tls_device_fallback.c are switched from netmem_dec_ref() and
  netmem_inc_ref() to put_page() and get_page() so kTLS record->frags[]
  and fallback scatterlists stay on struct page references matching
  tls_create_new_record(), tls_append_frag(), tls_sw_fallback(), and
  mlx5 tx_sync_info_get().
- __xdp_return(MEM_TYPE_PAGE_SHARED) in net/core/xdp.c, veth_xdp_get()
  in drivers/net/veth.c, and virtnet_skb_append_frag() in
  drivers/net/virtio_net.c are switched to netmem_inc_ref() and
  netmem_dec_ref() so page_pool-backed XDP and virtio_net buffers pair
  with netmem_dec_ref().

Caveats:
- For struct page-backed netmems, page_pool membership is identified via
  page->pp_magic, which has a pre-existing union aliasing risk with
  non-networking struct page fields if a non-page_pool page's union
  field matches PP_SIGNATURE (in particular on 32-bit architectures
  where POISON_POINTER_DELTA is 0); removing skb->pp_recycle extends
  this check from pp_recycle=1 SKBs to all netmem_inc_ref(),
  netmem_dec_ref(), and skb_pp_recycle() operations.
- netpoll_zap_completion_queue() has a pre-existing issue where
  skb_irq_freeable() does not exclude SKBs holding page_pool memory
  before calling __kfree_skb() with hardirqs disabled; TX SKBs carrying
  spliced page_pool fragments are subject to the same path.

Signed-off-by: Mina Almasry <almasrymina@google.com>
---
 drivers/net/veth.c              |   3 +-
 drivers/net/virtio_net.c        |   8 +-
 include/linux/mm.h              |   2 +-
 include/linux/skbuff.h          |   9 +-
 include/linux/skbuff_ref.h      |  60 +-------
 include/net/netmem.h            |  37 ++++-
 include/net/page_pool/helpers.h |  15 ++
 net/core/gro.c                  |   9 --
 net/core/net_test.c             | 264 ++++++++++++++------------------
 net/core/netmem_priv.h          |  21 ++-
 net/core/page_pool.c            |   6 +-
 net/core/skbuff.c               |  42 ++---
 net/core/xdp.c                  |   2 +-
 net/ipv4/esp4.c                 |  11 +-
 net/ipv6/esp6.c                 |  11 +-
 net/tls/tls_device.c            |   2 +-
 net/tls/tls_device_fallback.c   |   2 +-
 net/wireless/util.c             |  31 +++-
 net/xfrm/trace_iptfs.h          |   6 +-
 net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c           |  13 +-
 20 files changed, 243 insertions(+), 311 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/net/veth.c b/drivers/net/veth.c
index 3eca92d3dc60d..285958432ea0a 100644
--- a/drivers/net/veth.c
+++ b/drivers/net/veth.c
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 #include <linux/ptr_ring.h>
 #include <linux/bpf_trace.h>
 #include <linux/net_tstamp.h>
-#include <linux/skbuff_ref.h>
 #include <net/page_pool/helpers.h>
 
 #define DRV_NAME	"veth"
@@ -746,7 +745,7 @@ static void veth_xdp_get(struct xdp_buff *xdp)
 	struct skb_shared_info *sinfo = xdp_get_shared_info_from_buff(xdp);
 	int i;
 
-	get_page(virt_to_page(xdp->data));
+	netmem_inc_ref(page_to_netmem(virt_to_page(xdp->data)));
 	if (likely(!xdp_buff_has_frags(xdp)))
 		return;
 
diff --git a/drivers/net/virtio_net.c b/drivers/net/virtio_net.c
index dd2c41ef6fbe7..3453689bfd341 100644
--- a/drivers/net/virtio_net.c
+++ b/drivers/net/virtio_net.c
@@ -2351,9 +2351,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *virtnet_skb_append_frag(struct receive_queue *rq,
 		if (unlikely(!nskb))
 			return NULL;
 
-		if (head_skb->pp_recycle)
-			skb_mark_for_recycle(nskb);
-
 		if (curr_skb == head_skb)
 			skb_shinfo(curr_skb)->frag_list = nskb;
 		else
@@ -2371,10 +2368,7 @@ static struct sk_buff *virtnet_skb_append_frag(struct receive_queue *rq,
 
 	offset = buf - page_address(page);
 	if (skb_can_coalesce(curr_skb, num_skb_frags, page, offset)) {
-		if (head_skb->pp_recycle)
-			page_pool_put_page(rq->page_pool, page, -1, true);
-		else
-			put_page(page);
+		netmem_dec_ref(page_to_netmem(page));
 		skb_coalesce_rx_frag(curr_skb, num_skb_frags - 1,
 				     len, truesize);
 	} else {
diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
index 9f167950926a1..f13d9f6b3ed50 100644
--- a/include/linux/mm.h
+++ b/include/linux/mm.h
@@ -5698,7 +5698,7 @@ int arch_lock_shadow_stack_status(struct task_struct *t, unsigned long status);
 #ifdef CONFIG_PAGE_POOL
 static inline bool page_pool_page_is_pp(const struct page *page)
 {
-	return (page->pp_magic & PP_MAGIC_MASK) == PP_SIGNATURE;
+	return (READ_ONCE(page->pp_magic) & PP_MAGIC_MASK) == PP_SIGNATURE;
 }
 #else
 static inline bool page_pool_page_is_pp(const struct page *page)
diff --git a/include/linux/skbuff.h b/include/linux/skbuff.h
index 6787fcf6ac3e4..4eaf4da1f7dad 100644
--- a/include/linux/skbuff.h
+++ b/include/linux/skbuff.h
@@ -834,8 +834,6 @@ enum skb_tstamp_type {
  *	@head_frag: skb was allocated from page fragments,
  *		not allocated by kmalloc() or vmalloc().
  *	@pfmemalloc: skbuff was allocated from PFMEMALLOC reserves
- *	@pp_recycle: mark the packet for recycling instead of freeing (implies
- *		page_pool support on driver)
  *	@active_extensions: active extensions (skb_ext_id types)
  *	@ndisc_nodetype: router type (from link layer)
  *	@ooo_okay: allow the mapping of a socket to a queue to be changed
@@ -964,8 +962,7 @@ struct sk_buff {
 				fclone:2,
 				peeked:1,
 				head_frag:1,
-				pfmemalloc:1,
-				pp_recycle:1; /* page_pool recycle indicator */
+				pfmemalloc:1;
 #ifdef CONFIG_SKB_EXTENSIONS
 	__u8			active_extensions;
 #endif
@@ -5476,11 +5473,9 @@ static inline struct kcov_common_handle_id skb_get_kcov_handle(struct sk_buff *s
 	return skb->kcov_handle;
 }
 
+/* Deprecated: page_pool recycling is now determined per netmem. */
 static inline void skb_mark_for_recycle(struct sk_buff *skb)
 {
-#ifdef CONFIG_PAGE_POOL
-	skb->pp_recycle = 1;
-#endif
 }
 
 ssize_t skb_splice_from_iter(struct sk_buff *skb, struct iov_iter *iter,
diff --git a/include/linux/skbuff_ref.h b/include/linux/skbuff_ref.h
index e94c599ce83d2..b368eb4661ed7 100644
--- a/include/linux/skbuff_ref.h
+++ b/include/linux/skbuff_ref.h
@@ -9,63 +9,21 @@
 
 #include <linux/skbuff.h>
 
-bool napi_pp_get_page(netmem_ref netmem);
-
-/**
- * skb_netmem_ref - acquire a fragment reference on a netmem
- * @netmem: netmem to reference
- * @recycle: whether page_pool recycling is enabled (e.g. skb->pp_recycle)
- *
- * Acquires pp_ref_count via napi_pp_get_page() if @recycle is true and
- * @netmem belongs to a page_pool; otherwise acquires a non-pp backing
- * reference via netmem_inc_ref(). Counterpart to skb_netmem_unref().
- */
-static __always_inline void skb_netmem_ref(netmem_ref netmem, bool recycle)
-{
-#ifdef CONFIG_PAGE_POOL
-	if (recycle && napi_pp_get_page(netmem))
-		return;
-#endif
-	netmem_inc_ref(netmem);
-}
-
 /**
  * skb_frag_ref - acquire a reference on a paged fragment of an skb
  * @skb: the buffer
  * @f: the fragment offset
  *
- * Acquires a reference on the @f'th fragment of @skb via skb_netmem_ref()
- * (pp_ref_count if skb->pp_recycle and page_pool-backed, else non-pp
- * backing refcount), skipping managed zerocopy fragments. Counterpart to
- * skb_frag_unref().
+ * Acquires a reference on the @f'th fragment of @skb via netmem_inc_ref()
+ * (pp_ref_count if page_pool-backed, else non-pp backing refcount), skipping
+ * managed zerocopy fragments. Counterpart to skb_frag_unref().
  */
 static __always_inline void skb_frag_ref(struct sk_buff *skb, int f)
 {
 	struct skb_shared_info *shinfo = skb_shinfo(skb);
 
 	if (!skb_zcopy_managed(skb))
-		skb_netmem_ref(skb_frag_netmem(&shinfo->frags[f]),
-			       skb->pp_recycle);
-}
-
-bool napi_pp_put_page(netmem_ref netmem);
-
-/**
- * skb_netmem_unref - release a fragment reference on a netmem
- * @netmem: netmem to unreference
- * @recycle: whether page_pool recycling is enabled (e.g. skb->pp_recycle)
- *
- * Drops pp_ref_count via napi_pp_put_page() if @recycle is true and @netmem
- * belongs to a page_pool; otherwise drops a non-pp backing reference via
- * netmem_dec_ref(). Counterpart to skb_netmem_ref().
- */
-static __always_inline void skb_netmem_unref(netmem_ref netmem, bool recycle)
-{
-#ifdef CONFIG_PAGE_POOL
-	if (recycle && napi_pp_put_page(netmem))
-		return;
-#endif
-	netmem_dec_ref(netmem);
+		netmem_inc_ref(skb_frag_netmem(&shinfo->frags[f]));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -73,18 +31,16 @@ static __always_inline void skb_netmem_unref(netmem_ref netmem, bool recycle)
  * @skb: the buffer
  * @f: the fragment offset
  *
- * Drops a reference on the @f'th fragment of @skb via skb_netmem_unref()
- * (pp_ref_count if skb->pp_recycle and page_pool-backed, else non-pp
- * backing refcount), skipping managed zerocopy fragments. Counterpart to
- * skb_frag_ref().
+ * Drops a reference on the @f'th fragment of @skb via netmem_dec_ref()
+ * (pp_ref_count if page_pool-backed, else non-pp backing refcount), skipping
+ * managed zerocopy fragments. Counterpart to skb_frag_ref().
  */
 static __always_inline void skb_frag_unref(struct sk_buff *skb, int f)
 {
 	struct skb_shared_info *shinfo = skb_shinfo(skb);
 
 	if (!skb_zcopy_managed(skb))
-		skb_netmem_unref(skb_frag_netmem(&shinfo->frags[f]),
-				 skb->pp_recycle);
+		netmem_dec_ref(skb_frag_netmem(&shinfo->frags[f]));
 }
 
 #endif	/* _LINUX_SKBUFF_REF_H */
diff --git a/include/net/netmem.h b/include/net/netmem.h
index fb693bc1702a4..75c26c8997431 100644
--- a/include/net/netmem.h
+++ b/include/net/netmem.h
@@ -412,16 +412,34 @@ static inline bool net_is_devmem_iov(const struct net_iov *niov)
 void net_iov_inc_ref(struct net_iov *niov);
 void net_iov_dec_ref(struct net_iov *niov);
 
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_PAGE_POOL)
+bool napi_pp_get_page(netmem_ref netmem);
+bool napi_pp_put_page(netmem_ref netmem);
+#else
+static inline bool napi_pp_get_page(netmem_ref netmem)
+{
+	return false;
+}
+
+static inline bool napi_pp_put_page(netmem_ref netmem)
+{
+	return false;
+}
+#endif
+
 /**
- * netmem_inc_ref - acquire a non-page_pool reference on a netmem
+ * netmem_inc_ref - acquire a reference on a netmem
  * @netmem: netmem to reference
  *
- * Acquires a non-pp backing reference (page._refcount via get_page() or
- * binding->ref via net_iov_inc_ref()) regardless of page_pool membership.
- * Counterpart to netmem_dec_ref().
+ * Acquires pp_ref_count via napi_pp_get_page() if @netmem belongs to a
+ * page_pool; otherwise acquires a non-pp backing reference (binding->ref via
+ * net_iov_inc_ref() or page._refcount via get_page()). Counterpart to
+ * netmem_dec_ref().
  */
 static __always_inline void netmem_inc_ref(netmem_ref netmem)
 {
+	if (napi_pp_get_page(netmem))
+		return;
 	if (netmem_is_net_iov(netmem))
 		net_iov_inc_ref(netmem_to_net_iov(netmem));
 	else
@@ -429,15 +447,18 @@ static __always_inline void netmem_inc_ref(netmem_ref netmem)
 }
 
 /**
- * netmem_dec_ref - release a non-page_pool reference on a netmem
+ * netmem_dec_ref - release a reference on a netmem
  * @netmem: netmem to unreference
  *
- * Drops a non-pp backing reference (page._refcount via put_page() or
- * binding->ref via net_iov_dec_ref()) regardless of page_pool membership.
- * Counterpart to netmem_inc_ref().
+ * Drops pp_ref_count via napi_pp_put_page() if @netmem belongs to a
+ * page_pool; otherwise drops a non-pp backing reference (binding->ref via
+ * net_iov_dec_ref() or page._refcount via put_page()). Counterpart to
+ * netmem_inc_ref().
  */
 static __always_inline void netmem_dec_ref(netmem_ref netmem)
 {
+	if (napi_pp_put_page(netmem))
+		return;
 	if (netmem_is_net_iov(netmem))
 		net_iov_dec_ref(netmem_to_net_iov(netmem));
 	else
diff --git a/include/net/page_pool/helpers.h b/include/net/page_pool/helpers.h
index c814ce95282eb..fdbb1a4fe11f5 100644
--- a/include/net/page_pool/helpers.h
+++ b/include/net/page_pool/helpers.h
@@ -275,6 +275,14 @@ static inline void page_pool_fragment_page(struct page *page, long nr)
 	page_pool_fragment_netmem(page_to_netmem(page), nr);
 }
 
+static inline bool page_pool_netmem_is_exclusively_owned(netmem_ref netmem)
+{
+	if (netmem_is_net_iov(netmem))
+		return true;
+
+	return page_ref_count(__netmem_to_page(netmem)) == 1;
+}
+
 static inline long page_pool_unref_netmem(netmem_ref netmem, long nr)
 {
 	atomic_long_t *pp_ref_count = netmem_get_pp_ref_count_ref(netmem);
@@ -293,6 +301,13 @@ static inline long page_pool_unref_netmem(netmem_ref netmem, long nr)
 	 * handling by ensuring all pages have partitioned into only 1 piece
 	 * initially, and only overwrite it when the page is partitioned into
 	 * more than one piece.
+	 *
+	 * This non-RMW fast path is safe because pp_ref_count is only ever
+	 * incremented by callers that already hold an active pp_ref_count
+	 * (>= 1) on @netmem; a raw page_ref_count is never converted into a
+	 * pp_ref_count. Thus when pp_ref_count == nr, the caller holds all
+	 * remaining pp_ref_count references and no concurrent
+	 * page_pool_ref_netmem() / napi_pp_get_page() can occur.
 	 */
 	if (atomic_long_read(pp_ref_count) == nr) {
 		/* As we have ensured nr is always one for constant case using
diff --git a/net/core/gro.c b/net/core/gro.c
index 1b033855a20db..124079f3eb9b0 100644
--- a/net/core/gro.c
+++ b/net/core/gro.c
@@ -100,15 +100,6 @@ int skb_gro_receive(struct sk_buff *p, struct sk_buff *skb)
 	struct sk_buff *lp;
 	int segs;
 
-	/* Do not splice page pool based packets w/ non-page pool
-	 * packets. This can result in reference count issues as page
-	 * pool pages will not decrement the reference count and will
-	 * instead be immediately returned to the pool or have frag
-	 * count decremented.
-	 */
-	if (p->pp_recycle != skb->pp_recycle)
-		return -ETOOMANYREFS;
-
 	if (skb_zcopy(p) || skb_zcopy(skb))
 		return -ETOOMANYREFS;
 
diff --git a/net/core/net_test.c b/net/core/net_test.c
index e20059a00003c..788aa57c63418 100644
--- a/net/core/net_test.c
+++ b/net/core/net_test.c
@@ -516,6 +516,7 @@ static void ip_tunnel_flags_test_run(struct kunit *test)
 /* Netmem & SKB fragment refcounting */
 
 #include <linux/skbuff_ref.h>
+#include <linux/uio.h>
 #include <net/netmem.h>
 #include <net/netdev_rx_queue.h>
 #include <net/page_pool/helpers.h>
@@ -549,23 +550,11 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_page(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
 #endif
 
-	/* Layer 3: skb_netmem_ref / unref fall back to non-pp on non-PP page */
-	skb_netmem_ref(netmem, false);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref + 1);
-	skb_netmem_unref(netmem, false);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
-
-	skb_netmem_ref(netmem, true);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref + 1);
-	skb_netmem_unref(netmem, true);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
-
-	/* Layer 4: skb_frag_ref / skb_frag_unref on non-PP page */
+	/* Layer 3: skb_frag_ref / skb_frag_unref on non-PP page */
 	skb = alloc_skb(64, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, skb);
 	skb_fill_netmem_desc(skb, 0, netmem, 0, 64);
 
-	skb->pp_recycle = 1;
 	skb_frag_ref(skb, 0);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref + 1);
 	skb_frag_unref(skb, 0);
@@ -610,47 +599,31 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_pp_page(struct kunit *test)
 	base_ref = page_ref_count(page);
 	base_pp_ref = atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count);
 
-	/* Layer 1: netmem_inc/dec_ref always use non-pp refcount */
+	/* Layer 1: netmem_inc/dec_ref use pp_ref_count on PP page */
 	netmem_inc_ref(netmem);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref + 1);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
-			base_pp_ref);
-	netmem_dec_ref(netmem);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
-
-	/* Layer 2: napi_pp_get/put_page use pp_ref_count */
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, napi_pp_get_page(netmem));
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 1);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, napi_pp_put_page(netmem));
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
-			base_pp_ref);
-
-	/* Layer 3: skb_netmem_ref / unref obey recycle flag */
-	skb_netmem_ref(netmem, false);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref + 1);
+	netmem_dec_ref(netmem);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref);
-	skb_netmem_unref(netmem, false);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
 
-	skb_netmem_ref(netmem, true);
+	/* Layer 2: napi_pp_get/put_page use pp_ref_count */
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, napi_pp_get_page(netmem));
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 1);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
-	skb_netmem_unref(netmem, true);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, napi_pp_put_page(netmem));
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref);
 
-	/* Layer 4: skb_frag_ref / skb_frag_unref match on pp_recycle=1 & 0 */
+	/* Layer 3: skb_frag_ref / skb_frag_unref use pp_ref_count on PP page */
 	skb = alloc_skb(64, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, skb);
 	skb_fill_netmem_desc(skb, 0, netmem, 0, 64);
 	skb->len = 64;
 	skb->data_len = 64;
 
-	skb->pp_recycle = 1;
 	skb_frag_ref(skb, 0);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 1);
@@ -659,10 +632,9 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_pp_page(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref);
 
-	/* pskb_copy on pp_recycle=1 skb propagates pp_recycle & pp_ref_count */
+	/* pskb_copy on PP page skb propagates pp_ref_count */
 	copy = pskb_copy(skb, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, copy);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, copy->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 1);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
@@ -671,14 +643,13 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_pp_page(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref);
 
-	/* skb_zerocopy on pp_recycle=1 skb propagates pp_ref_count */
+	/* skb_zerocopy on PP page skb propagates pp_ref_count */
 	copy = alloc_skb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, copy);
 	skb_put(copy, skb_tailroom(copy));
 	skb->head_frag = 1;
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, skb_zerocopy(copy, skb, skb->len, 0), 0);
 	skb->head_frag = 0;
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, copy->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 1);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
@@ -687,11 +658,10 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_pp_page(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref);
 
-	/* skb_clone + pskb_expand_head preserves pp_recycle and pp_ref_count */
+	/* skb_clone + pskb_expand_head preserves pp_ref_count */
 	clone = skb_clone(skb, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, clone);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, pskb_expand_head(clone, 32, 0, GFP_KERNEL), 0);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, clone->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 1);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
@@ -712,7 +682,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_pp_page(struct kunit *test)
 	split = alloc_skb(32, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, split);
 	skb_split(skb, split, 16);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, split->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
@@ -728,7 +697,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_pp_page(struct kunit *test)
 	split = alloc_skb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, split);
 	skb_split(skb, split, 32);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, split->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 1);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
@@ -737,14 +705,13 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_pp_page(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref);
 
-	/* skb_segment on pp_recycle=1 skb propagates pp_recycle to segments */
+	/* skb_segment on PP page skb propagates pp_ref_count to segments */
 	skb->protocol = htons(ETH_P_IP);
 	skb_reset_mac_header(skb);
 	skb_reset_network_header(skb);
 	skb_shinfo(skb)->gso_size = 16;
 	split = skb_segment(skb, NETIF_F_SG | NETIF_F_HW_CSUM);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_FALSE(test, IS_ERR_OR_NULL(split));
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, split->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 2);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
@@ -763,7 +730,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_pp_page(struct kunit *test)
 	skb->data_len = 64;
 	split = alloc_skb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, split);
-	split->pp_recycle = 1;
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, skb_shift(split, skb, 16), 16);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 2);
@@ -780,17 +746,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_pp_page(struct kunit *test)
 	skb_shinfo(split)->nr_frags = 0;
 	consume_skb(split);
 	page_pool_put_full_page(pool, page, false);
-	skb_fill_netmem_desc(skb, 0, netmem, 0, 64);
-	skb->len = 64;
-	skb->data_len = 64;
-
-	skb->pp_recycle = 0;
-	skb_frag_ref(skb, 0);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref + 1);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
-			base_pp_ref);
-	skb_frag_unref(skb, 0);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
 
 	skb_shinfo(skb)->nr_frags = 0;
 	consume_skb(skb);
@@ -798,7 +753,7 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_pp_page(struct kunit *test)
 	page_pool_destroy(pool);
 
 	/* Order-1 compound page_pool page: tail netmem resolves to head &
-	 * build_skb(head_frag=1, pp_recycle=1) skb_zerocopy uses pp_ref_count.
+	 * build_skb(head_frag=1) skb_zerocopy uses pp_ref_count.
 	 */
 	pp_params.order = 1;
 	pool = page_pool_create(&pp_params);
@@ -819,7 +774,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_pp_page(struct kunit *test)
 
 	skb = build_skb(page_address(page), PAGE_SIZE);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, skb);
-	skb->pp_recycle = 1;
 	skb_put(skb, 64);
 	page_pool_ref_page(page);
 
@@ -827,7 +781,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_pp_page(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, copy);
 	skb_put(copy, skb_tailroom(copy));
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, skb_zerocopy(copy, skb, skb->len, 0), 0);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, copy->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 2);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
@@ -841,6 +794,78 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_pp_page(struct kunit *test)
 	page_pool_put_full_page(pool, page, false);
 	page_pool_destroy(pool);
 }
+
+static void netmem_ref_test_tcp_zerocopy_receive_pp(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	struct page_pool_params pp_params = {
+		.order = 0,
+		.pool_size = 4,
+		.nid = NUMA_NO_NODE,
+	};
+	struct sk_buff *rx_skb, *tx_skb;
+	struct page_pool *pool;
+	struct bio_vec bvec;
+	struct iov_iter iter;
+	struct page *pp_page;
+
+	pool = page_pool_create(&pp_params);
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_ERR_OR_NULL(test, pool);
+	pp_page = page_pool_dev_alloc_pages(pool);
+	if (!pp_page) {
+		page_pool_destroy(pool);
+		KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, pp_page);
+	}
+
+	rx_skb = alloc_skb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!rx_skb) {
+		page_pool_put_full_page(pool, pp_page, false);
+		page_pool_destroy(pool);
+		KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, rx_skb);
+	}
+	skb_add_rx_frag(rx_skb, 0, pp_page, 0, PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SIZE);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, page_pool_page_is_pp(pp_page));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_pool_ref_count(page_to_netmem(pp_page)), 1L);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(pp_page), 1);
+
+	/* Simulate tcp_zerocopy_receive() detaching an order-0 page_pool RX
+	 * fragment before vm_insert_pages() maps it into userspace:
+	 * get_page() + napi_pp_put_page() converts the fragment's sole
+	 * pp_ref_count into a regular page reference and releases the page
+	 * from the page_pool.
+	 */
+	get_page(pp_page);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, napi_pp_put_page(page_to_netmem(pp_page)));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, page_pool_page_is_pp(pp_page));
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(pp_page), 1);
+
+	/* Forwarding the detached page into MSG_ZEROCOPY TX via
+	 * zerocopy_fill_skb_from_iter() (where iov_iter_get_pages2() pins
+	 * the page via get_page()) now operates on a normal non-page_pool
+	 * page and balances page_ref_count across TX and RX SKB release.
+	 */
+	tx_skb = alloc_skb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!tx_skb) {
+		consume_skb(rx_skb);
+		page_pool_destroy(pool);
+		KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, tx_skb);
+	}
+	bvec_set_page(&bvec, pp_page, 128, 0);
+	iov_iter_bvec(&iter, ITER_SOURCE, &bvec, 1, 128);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, zerocopy_fill_skb_from_iter(tx_skb, &iter, 128),
+			0);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, skb_shinfo(tx_skb)->nr_frags, 1);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(pp_page), 2);
+	consume_skb(tx_skb);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(pp_page), 1);
+
+	/* Extra ref so we can inspect page_ref_count after freeing rx_skb */
+	get_page(pp_page);
+	consume_skb(rx_skb);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(pp_page), 1);
+	put_page(pp_page);
+
+	page_pool_destroy(pool);
+}
 #endif
 
 #if defined(CONFIG_PAGE_POOL) && defined(CONFIG_NET_DEVMEM)
@@ -882,10 +907,10 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_net_iov(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, napi_pp_get_page(netmem));
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, napi_pp_put_page(netmem));
 
-	skb_netmem_ref(netmem, true);
+	netmem_inc_ref(netmem);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&binding.ref.data->count),
 			base_ref + 1);
-	skb_netmem_unref(netmem, true);
+	netmem_dec_ref(netmem);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&binding.ref.data->count),
 			base_ref);
 
@@ -896,7 +921,7 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_net_iov(struct kunit *test)
 	netmem_or_pp_magic(netmem, PP_SIGNATURE);
 	atomic_long_set(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count, 2);
 
-	/* Layer 0 & 1: net_iov/netmem_inc_ref grab non-pp ref on PP */
+	/* Layer 0 & 1: net_iov_inc_ref uses binding.ref, netmem_inc_ref pp */
 	net_iov_inc_ref(&niov);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&binding.ref.data->count),
 			base_ref + 1);
@@ -905,6 +930,13 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_net_iov(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&binding.ref.data->count),
 			base_ref);
 
+	netmem_inc_ref(netmem);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 3L);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&binding.ref.data->count),
+			base_ref);
+	netmem_dec_ref(netmem);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 2L);
+
 	/* Layer 2: napi_pp_get/put_page use pp_ref_count */
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, napi_pp_get_page(netmem));
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 3L);
@@ -913,14 +945,13 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_net_iov(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, napi_pp_put_page(netmem));
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 2L);
 
-	/* Layer 4: skb_frag_ref / skb_frag_unref on PP net_iov */
+	/* Layer 3: skb_frag_ref / skb_frag_unref on PP net_iov */
 	skb = alloc_skb(64, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, skb);
 	skb_fill_netmem_desc(skb, 0, netmem, 0, 64);
 	skb->len = 64;
 	skb->data_len = 64;
 
-	skb->pp_recycle = 1;
 	skb_frag_ref(skb, 0);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 3L);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&binding.ref.data->count),
@@ -928,17 +959,16 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_net_iov(struct kunit *test)
 	skb_frag_unref(skb, 0);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 2L);
 
-	/* pskb_copy on pp_recycle=1 net_iov skb keeps pp_ref_count */
+	/* pskb_copy on PP net_iov skb keeps pp_ref_count */
 	copy = pskb_copy(skb, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, copy);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, copy->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 3L);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&binding.ref.data->count),
 			base_ref);
 	consume_skb(copy);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 2L);
 
-	/* skb_zerocopy on pp_recycle=1 net_iov skb keeps pp_ref_count */
+	/* skb_zerocopy on PP net_iov skb keeps pp_ref_count */
 	copy = alloc_skb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, copy);
 	skb_put(copy, skb_tailroom(copy));
@@ -946,7 +976,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_net_iov(struct kunit *test)
 	skb->unreadable = 1;
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, skb_zerocopy(copy, skb, skb->len, 0), 0);
 	skb->head_frag = 0;
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, copy->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 3L);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&binding.ref.data->count),
 			base_ref);
@@ -956,7 +985,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_net_iov(struct kunit *test)
 	/* skb_shift balances pp_ref_count on split and merge */
 	copy = alloc_skb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, copy);
-	copy->pp_recycle = 1;
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, skb_shift(copy, skb, 16), 16);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 3L);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&binding.ref.data->count),
@@ -969,26 +997,16 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_net_iov(struct kunit *test)
 	skb->len = 64;
 	skb->data_len = 64;
 
-	/* Uncloning a cloned pp_recycle=1 net_iov skb keeps pp_ref_count */
+	/* Uncloning a cloned PP net_iov skb keeps pp_ref_count */
 	clone = skb_clone(skb, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, clone);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, pskb_expand_head(skb, 32, 0, GFP_KERNEL), 0);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, skb->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 3L);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&binding.ref.data->count),
 			base_ref);
 	consume_skb(clone);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 2L);
 
-	skb->pp_recycle = 0;
-	skb_frag_ref(skb, 0);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&binding.ref.data->count),
-			base_ref + 1);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 2L);
-	skb_frag_unref(skb, 0);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&binding.ref.data->count),
-			base_ref);
-
 	skb_shinfo(skb)->nr_frags = 0;
 	consume_skb(skb);
 	netmem_clear_pp_magic(netmem);
@@ -1025,7 +1043,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_release_data(struct kunit *test)
 	skb = alloc_skb(64, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, skb);
 	skb_put(skb, 32);
-	skb->pp_recycle = 1;
 	skb_fill_netmem_desc(skb, 0, netmem, 0, 64);
 	skb->len += 64;
 	skb->data_len = 64;
@@ -1038,14 +1055,11 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_release_data(struct kunit *test)
 	clone2 = skb_clone(clone1, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, clone2);
 
-	/* Freeing head skb first leaves clone1/clone2 pp_recycle=1 intact */
+	/* Freeing head skb first leaves clone1/clone2 intact */
 	consume_skb(skb);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, clone1->pp_recycle);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, clone2->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 1);
 	consume_skb(clone2);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, clone1->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 1);
 	consume_skb(clone1);
@@ -1057,7 +1071,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_release_data(struct kunit *test)
 		skb = alloc_skb(64, GFP_KERNEL);
 		KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, skb);
 		skb_put(skb, 32);
-		skb->pp_recycle = 1;
 		skb_fill_netmem_desc(skb, 0, netmem, 0, 64);
 		skb->len += 64;
 		skb->data_len = 64;
@@ -1068,8 +1081,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_release_data(struct kunit *test)
 		KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test,
 				pskb_expand_head((i & 1) ? clone1 : skb,
 						 32, 0, GFP_KERNEL), 0);
-		KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, skb->pp_recycle);
-		KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, clone1->pp_recycle);
 		KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 				base_pp_ref + 2);
 		KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
@@ -1096,7 +1107,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_release_data(struct kunit *test)
 	skb = alloc_skb(64, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, skb);
 	skb_put(skb, 32);
-	skb->pp_recycle = 1;
 	skb_fill_netmem_desc(skb, 0, netmem, 0, 64);
 	skb->len += 64;
 	skb->data_len = 64;
@@ -1105,7 +1115,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_release_data(struct kunit *test)
 	/* Carve inside header keeping frag -> pp_ref_count +1 until free */
 	ext = pskb_extract(skb, 16, skb->len - 16, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, ext);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 2);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
@@ -1116,7 +1125,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_release_data(struct kunit *test)
 	/* Carve + trim + skb_condense ref/unrefs pp_ref_count cleanly */
 	ext = pskb_extract(skb, 16, 48, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, ext);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 1);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
@@ -1125,7 +1133,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_release_data(struct kunit *test)
 	/* Carve inside nonlinear keeping frag -> pp_ref_count +1 until free */
 	ext = pskb_extract(skb, 48, skb->len - 48, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, ext);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 2);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(page), base_ref);
@@ -1137,12 +1144,10 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_release_data(struct kunit *test)
 	page_pool_ref_netmem(netmem);
 	clone1 = alloc_skb(64, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, clone1);
-	clone1->pp_recycle = 1;
 	skb_fill_netmem_desc(clone1, 0, netmem, 0, 64);
 	clone1->len = 64;
 	clone1->data_len = 64;
 	skb_morph(clone1, skb);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, clone1->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 1);
 	consume_skb(clone1);
@@ -1164,14 +1169,12 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_release_data(struct kunit *test)
 	skb = alloc_skb(64, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, skb);
 	skb_put(skb, 32);
-	skb->pp_recycle = 1;
 	skb_fill_netmem_desc(skb, 0, netmem, 0, 64);
 	skb->len += 64;
 	skb->data_len = 64;
 
 	ext = pskb_extract(skb, 48, skb->len - 48, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, ext);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, ext->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 3L);
 	consume_skb(ext);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 2L);
@@ -1230,7 +1233,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_skb_segment(struct kunit *test)
 	/* 1. Single GSO skb with page_pool net_iov frags */
 	head = alloc_skb(64, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, head);
-	head->pp_recycle = 1;
 	head->protocol = htons(ETH_P_IP);
 	skb_reset_mac_header(head);
 	skb_reset_network_header(head);
@@ -1241,8 +1243,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_skb_segment(struct kunit *test)
 
 	segs = skb_segment(head, NETIF_F_SG | NETIF_F_HW_CSUM);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_FALSE(test, IS_ERR_OR_NULL(segs));
-	for (seg = segs; seg; seg = seg->next)
-		KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, seg->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&niov.desc.pp_ref_count), 6L);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&binding.ref.data->count),
 			base_iov_ref);
@@ -1251,13 +1251,11 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_skb_segment(struct kunit *test)
 	skb_shinfo(head)->nr_frags = 0;
 	consume_skb(head);
 
-	/* 2. GRO frag_list fast path (skb_clone of pp_recycle=1 list_skb) */
+	/* 2. GRO frag_list fast path (skb_clone of list_skb) */
 	head = alloc_skb(64, GFP_KERNEL);
 	list = alloc_skb(64, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, head);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, list);
-	head->pp_recycle = 1;
-	list->pp_recycle = 1;
 	head->protocol = htons(ETH_P_IP);
 	skb_reset_mac_header(head);
 	skb_reset_network_header(head);
@@ -1280,8 +1278,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_skb_segment(struct kunit *test)
 
 	segs = skb_segment(head, NETIF_F_SG | NETIF_F_HW_CSUM);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_FALSE(test, IS_ERR_OR_NULL(segs));
-	for (seg = segs; seg; seg = seg->next)
-		KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, seg->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&pp_page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 4);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(pp_page), base_pp_page_ref);
@@ -1292,17 +1288,14 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_skb_segment(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&pp_page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref);
 
-	/* 3. Mixed GRO frag_list (head pp_recycle=1 + list pp_recycle=0):
-	 * straddling segment linearizes its pp_recycle=1 prefix before
-	 * attaching the pp_recycle=0 frag so no nskb mixes incompatible
-	 * fragment refcount types; non-straddling segments stay zero-copy SG.
+	/* 3. Mixed GRO frag_list (head PP page + list non-PP page):
+	 * straddling segment stays zero-copy SG and refs each frag by netmem
+	 * type (pp_ref_count for pp_page, page_ref_count for reg_page).
 	 */
 	head = alloc_skb(64, GFP_KERNEL);
 	list = alloc_skb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, head);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, list);
-	head->pp_recycle = 1;
-	list->pp_recycle = 0;
 	head->protocol = htons(ETH_P_IP);
 	skb_reset_mac_header(head);
 	skb_reset_network_header(head);
@@ -1323,11 +1316,8 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_skb_segment(struct kunit *test)
 
 	segs = skb_segment(head, NETIF_F_SG | NETIF_F_HW_CSUM);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_FALSE(test, IS_ERR_OR_NULL(segs));
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, segs->pp_recycle);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, segs->next->pp_recycle);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, segs->next->next->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&pp_page->pp_ref_count),
-			base_pp_ref + 2);
+			base_pp_ref + 3);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(pp_page), base_pp_page_ref);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(reg_page), base_reg_ref + 3);
 	kfree_skb_list(segs);
@@ -1337,16 +1327,14 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_skb_segment(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(pp_page), base_pp_page_ref);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(reg_page), base_reg_ref);
 
-	/* 4. Reverse mixed frag_list (head pp_recycle=0 + list pp_recycle=1):
-	 * Crossing from pp_recycle=0 head into pp_recycle=1 list_skb must not
-	 * elevate page_ref_count(pp_page) instead of pp_ref_count.
+	/* 4. Reverse mixed frag_list (head non-PP page + list PP page):
+	 * Crossing from non-PP head into PP list_skb increments pp_ref_count
+	 * on pp_page without elevating page_ref_count(pp_page).
 	 */
 	head = alloc_skb(64, GFP_KERNEL);
 	list = alloc_skb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, head);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, list);
-	head->pp_recycle = 0;
-	list->pp_recycle = 1;
 	head->protocol = htons(ETH_P_IP);
 	skb_reset_mac_header(head);
 	skb_reset_network_header(head);
@@ -1367,13 +1355,10 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_skb_segment(struct kunit *test)
 
 	segs = skb_segment(head, NETIF_F_SG | NETIF_F_HW_CSUM);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_FALSE(test, IS_ERR_OR_NULL(segs));
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, segs->pp_recycle);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, segs->next->pp_recycle);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, segs->next->next->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&pp_page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 3);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(pp_page), base_pp_page_ref);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(reg_page), base_reg_ref + 2);
+	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(reg_page), base_reg_ref + 3);
 	kfree_skb_list(segs);
 	consume_skb(head);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&pp_page->pp_ref_count),
@@ -1381,10 +1366,10 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_skb_segment(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(pp_page), base_pp_page_ref);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(reg_page), base_reg_ref);
 
-	/* 5. Linear head_skb (nr_frags=0) + mixed pp_recycle frag_list where
-	 * member A has linear + frag (pp_recycle=1) and tail member B has
-	 * linear len == skb_headlen(A) (pp_recycle=0): keeps SG clone path
-	 * synchronized without hitting BUG_ON(i >= nfrags).
+	/* 5. Linear head_skb (nr_frags=0) + mixed frag_list where member A has
+	 * linear + frag (PP page) and tail member B has linear len ==
+	 * skb_headlen(A): keeps SG clone path synchronized without hitting
+	 * BUG_ON(i >= nfrags).
 	 */
 	head = alloc_skb(64, GFP_KERNEL);
 	list = alloc_skb(64, GFP_KERNEL);
@@ -1392,9 +1377,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_skb_segment(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, head);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, list);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, seg);
-	head->pp_recycle = 0;
-	list->pp_recycle = 1;
-	seg->pp_recycle = 0;
 	head->protocol = htons(ETH_P_IP);
 	skb_reset_mac_header(head);
 	skb_reset_network_header(head);
@@ -1413,9 +1395,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_skb_segment(struct kunit *test)
 
 	segs = skb_segment(head, NETIF_F_SG | NETIF_F_HW_CSUM);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_FALSE(test, IS_ERR_OR_NULL(segs));
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, segs->pp_recycle);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, segs->next->pp_recycle);
-	KUNIT_EXPECT_FALSE(test, segs->next->next->pp_recycle);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&pp_page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref + 2);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(pp_page), base_pp_page_ref);
@@ -1430,7 +1409,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_skb_segment(struct kunit *test)
 	 */
 	head = build_skb(page_address(pp_page), PAGE_SIZE);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, head);
-	head->pp_recycle = 1;
 	skb_put(head, 32);
 	page_pool_ref_netmem(pp_nm);
 	skb_fill_netmem_desc(head, 0, niov_nm, 0, 32);
@@ -1456,7 +1434,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_skb_segment(struct kunit *test)
 	 */
 	head = build_skb(page_address(pp_page), PAGE_SIZE);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, head);
-	head->pp_recycle = 1;
 	skb_put(head, 32);
 	page_pool_ref_netmem(pp_nm);
 	skb_zcopy_init(head, &uarg);
@@ -1529,14 +1506,12 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_try_coalesce(struct kunit *test)
 	base_reg_ref = page_ref_count(reg_page);
 	base_iov_ref = atomic_long_read(&binding.ref.data->count);
 
-	/* 1. Uncloned pp_recycle=1 from: frags stolen without extra ref */
+	/* 1. Uncloned from with PP page: frags stolen without extra ref */
 	to = alloc_skb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
 	from = alloc_skb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, to);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, from);
 	skb_put(to, skb_tailroom(to));
-	to->pp_recycle = 1;
-	from->pp_recycle = 1;
 	skb_add_rx_frag(from, 0, pp_page, 0, 64, PAGE_SIZE);
 	page_pool_ref_netmem(pp_nm);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, skb_try_coalesce(to, from, &fragstolen,
@@ -1549,7 +1524,7 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_try_coalesce(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, atomic_long_read(&pp_page->pp_ref_count),
 			base_pp_ref);
 
-	/* 2. Cloned pp_recycle=1 from (pp_page + non-PP reg_page fallback):
+	/* 2. Cloned from with mixed pp_page + non-PP reg_page:
 	 * skb_frag_ref(from, i) increments pp_ref_count for pp_page and
 	 * page_ref_count for reg_page.
 	 */
@@ -1558,8 +1533,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_try_coalesce(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, to);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, from);
 	skb_put(to, skb_tailroom(to));
-	to->pp_recycle = 1;
-	from->pp_recycle = 1;
 	skb_add_rx_frag(from, 0, pp_page, 0, 32, PAGE_SIZE);
 	page_pool_ref_netmem(pp_nm);
 	skb_add_rx_frag(from, 1, reg_page, 0, 32, PAGE_SIZE);
@@ -1581,7 +1554,7 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_try_coalesce(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(pp_page), base_pp_page_ref);
 	KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, page_ref_count(reg_page), base_reg_ref);
 
-	/* 3. Cloned unreadable pp_recycle=1 net_iov skb: skb_try_coalesce
+	/* 3. Cloned unreadable PP net_iov skb: skb_try_coalesce
 	 * increments niov.desc.pp_ref_count via skb_frag_ref(from, i).
 	 */
 	to = alloc_skb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
@@ -1589,9 +1562,7 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_try_coalesce(struct kunit *test)
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, to);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, from);
 	skb_put(to, skb_tailroom(to));
-	to->pp_recycle = 1;
 	to->unreadable = 1;
-	from->pp_recycle = 1;
 	skb_add_rx_frag_netmem(from, 0, niov_nm, 0, 64, PAGE_SIZE);
 	napi_pp_get_page(niov_nm);
 
@@ -1674,7 +1645,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_tcp_devmem_recv(struct kunit *test)
 	/* 1. Receive via tcp_recvmsg_dmabuf -> SO_DEVMEM_DONTNEED release */
 	skb = alloc_skb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, skb);
-	skb->pp_recycle = 1;
 	skb_add_rx_frag_netmem(skb, 0, niov_nm, 0, 64, PAGE_SIZE);
 	napi_pp_get_page(niov_nm);
 	TCP_SKB_CB(skb)->seq = 0;
@@ -1705,7 +1675,6 @@ static void netmem_ref_test_tcp_devmem_recv(struct kunit *test)
 	 */
 	skb = alloc_skb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
 	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, skb);
-	skb->pp_recycle = 1;
 	skb_add_rx_frag_netmem(skb, 0, niov_nm, 0, 64, PAGE_SIZE);
 	napi_pp_get_page(niov_nm);
 	TCP_SKB_CB(skb)->seq = 64;
@@ -1738,6 +1707,7 @@ static struct kunit_case net_test_cases[] = {
 	KUNIT_CASE(netmem_ref_test_page),
 #ifdef CONFIG_PAGE_POOL
 	KUNIT_CASE(netmem_ref_test_pp_page),
+	KUNIT_CASE(netmem_ref_test_tcp_zerocopy_receive_pp),
 #endif
 #if defined(CONFIG_PAGE_POOL) && defined(CONFIG_NET_DEVMEM)
 	KUNIT_CASE(netmem_ref_test_net_iov),
diff --git a/net/core/netmem_priv.h b/net/core/netmem_priv.h
index 23175cb2bd866..e229a1ac87a30 100644
--- a/net/core/netmem_priv.h
+++ b/net/core/netmem_priv.h
@@ -3,21 +3,30 @@
 #ifndef __NETMEM_PRIV_H
 #define __NETMEM_PRIV_H
 
+/* Use READ_ONCE() because every netmem_inc/dec_ref() checks netmem_is_pp(),
+ * and pp_magic shares a struct page union word with folio->lru.next which MM
+ * code may concurrently modify on page-cache folios in TX SKBs.
+ */
 static inline unsigned long netmem_get_pp_magic(netmem_ref netmem)
 {
-	return netmem_to_nmdesc(netmem)->pp_magic & ~PP_DMA_INDEX_MASK;
+	return READ_ONCE(netmem_to_nmdesc(netmem)->pp_magic) &
+	       ~PP_DMA_INDEX_MASK;
 }
 
 static inline void netmem_or_pp_magic(netmem_ref netmem, unsigned long pp_magic)
 {
-	netmem_to_nmdesc(netmem)->pp_magic |= pp_magic;
+	struct netmem_desc *nmdesc = netmem_to_nmdesc(netmem);
+
+	WRITE_ONCE(nmdesc->pp_magic, READ_ONCE(nmdesc->pp_magic) | pp_magic);
 }
 
 static inline void netmem_clear_pp_magic(netmem_ref netmem)
 {
-	WARN_ON_ONCE(netmem_to_nmdesc(netmem)->pp_magic & PP_DMA_INDEX_MASK);
+	struct netmem_desc *nmdesc = netmem_to_nmdesc(netmem);
+
+	WARN_ON_ONCE(READ_ONCE(nmdesc->pp_magic) & PP_DMA_INDEX_MASK);
 
-	netmem_to_nmdesc(netmem)->pp_magic = 0;
+	WRITE_ONCE(nmdesc->pp_magic, 0);
 }
 
 static inline bool netmem_is_pp(netmem_ref netmem)
@@ -43,7 +52,7 @@ static inline unsigned long netmem_get_dma_index(netmem_ref netmem)
 	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(netmem_is_net_iov(netmem)))
 		return 0;
 
-	magic = netmem_to_nmdesc(netmem)->pp_magic;
+	magic = READ_ONCE(netmem_to_nmdesc(netmem)->pp_magic);
 
 	return (magic & PP_DMA_INDEX_MASK) >> PP_DMA_INDEX_SHIFT;
 }
@@ -57,6 +66,6 @@ static inline void netmem_set_dma_index(netmem_ref netmem,
 		return;
 
 	magic = netmem_get_pp_magic(netmem) | (id << PP_DMA_INDEX_SHIFT);
-	netmem_to_nmdesc(netmem)->pp_magic = magic;
+	WRITE_ONCE(netmem_to_nmdesc(netmem)->pp_magic, magic);
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/net/core/page_pool.c b/net/core/page_pool.c
index d7c88c0b67e53..33c625b850e33 100644
--- a/net/core/page_pool.c
+++ b/net/core/page_pool.c
@@ -825,9 +825,9 @@ static bool page_pool_recycle_in_cache(netmem_ref netmem,
 
 static bool __page_pool_page_can_be_recycled(netmem_ref netmem)
 {
-	return netmem_is_net_iov(netmem) ||
-	       (page_ref_count(netmem_to_page(netmem)) == 1 &&
-		!page_is_pfmemalloc(netmem_to_page(netmem)));
+	return page_pool_netmem_is_exclusively_owned(netmem) &&
+	       (netmem_is_net_iov(netmem) ||
+		!page_is_pfmemalloc(__netmem_to_page(netmem)));
 }
 
 /* If the page refcnt == 1, this will try to recycle the page.
diff --git a/net/core/skbuff.c b/net/core/skbuff.c
index 19d4ce347c41b..a695c3f64dfd9 100644
--- a/net/core/skbuff.c
+++ b/net/core/skbuff.c
@@ -1056,6 +1056,13 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(napi_pp_put_page);
  * Acquires a page_pool reference (pp_ref_count) on @netmem if it belongs to a
  * page_pool. Counterpart to napi_pp_put_page().
  *
+ * If @netmem belongs to a page_pool, the caller MUST already hold an active
+ * pp_ref_count (>= 1) on @netmem (e.g. via an existing skb_frag_t in
+ * skb_frag_ref() or a spliced pipe buffer in skb_pipe_buf_ops). A raw
+ * page_ref_count is never converted into a pp_ref_count (in particular,
+ * tcp_zerocopy_receive() detaches page_pool pages before mapping them into
+ * userspace so GUP callers never observe page_pool pages).
+ *
  * Return: true if @netmem belongs to a page_pool, false otherwise.
  */
 bool napi_pp_get_page(netmem_ref netmem)
@@ -1072,9 +1079,9 @@ bool napi_pp_get_page(netmem_ref netmem)
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(napi_pp_get_page);
 #endif
 
-static bool skb_pp_recycle(struct sk_buff *skb, void *data)
+static bool skb_pp_recycle(void *data)
 {
-	if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_PAGE_POOL) || !skb->pp_recycle)
+	if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_PAGE_POOL))
 		return false;
 	return napi_pp_put_page(page_to_netmem(virt_to_page(data)));
 }
@@ -1089,7 +1096,7 @@ static void skb_free_head(struct sk_buff *skb)
 	unsigned char *head = skb->head;
 
 	if (skb->head_frag) {
-		if (skb_pp_recycle(skb, head))
+		if (skb_pp_recycle(head))
 			return;
 		skb_free_frag(head);
 	} else {
@@ -1114,8 +1121,7 @@ static void skb_release_data(struct sk_buff *skb, enum skb_drop_reason reason)
 	}
 
 	for (i = 0; i < shinfo->nr_frags; i++)
-		skb_netmem_unref(skb_frag_netmem(&shinfo->frags[i]),
-				 skb->pp_recycle);
+		netmem_dec_ref(skb_frag_netmem(&shinfo->frags[i]));
 
 free_head:
 	if (shinfo->frag_list)
@@ -1613,7 +1619,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *__skb_clone(struct sk_buff *n, struct sk_buff *skb)
 	n->nohdr = 0;
 	n->peeked = 0;
 	C(pfmemalloc);
-	C(pp_recycle);
 	n->destructor = NULL;
 	C(alloc_cpu);
 	C(tail);
@@ -2251,7 +2256,6 @@ struct sk_buff *__pskb_copy_fclone(struct sk_buff *skb, int headroom,
 			n = NULL;
 			goto out;
 		}
-		n->pp_recycle = skb->pp_recycle;
 		for (i = 0; i < skb_shinfo(skb)->nr_frags; i++) {
 			skb_shinfo(n)->frags[i] = skb_shinfo(skb)->frags[i];
 			skb_frag_ref(n, i);
@@ -3941,7 +3945,6 @@ skb_zerocopy(struct sk_buff *to, struct sk_buff *from, int len, int hlen)
 	if (len <= skb_tailroom(to))
 		return skb_copy_bits(from, 0, skb_put(to, len), len);
 
-	to->pp_recycle = from->pp_recycle;
 	if (hlen) {
 		ret = skb_copy_bits(from, 0, skb_put(to, hlen), hlen);
 		if (unlikely(ret))
@@ -4314,7 +4317,6 @@ void skb_split(struct sk_buff *skb, struct sk_buff *skb1, const u32 len)
 
 	skb_shinfo(skb1)->flags |= skb_shinfo(skb)->flags & zc_flags;
 	skb_zerocopy_clone(skb1, skb, 0);
-	skb1->pp_recycle = skb->pp_recycle;
 	if (len < pos)	/* Split line is inside header. */
 		skb_split_inside_header(skb, skb1, len, pos);
 	else		/* Second chunk has no header, nothing to copy. */
@@ -4364,7 +4366,6 @@ int skb_shift(struct sk_buff *tgt, struct sk_buff *skb, int shiftlen)
 	if (skb_zcopy(tgt) || skb_zcopy(skb))
 		return 0;
 
-	DEBUG_NET_WARN_ON_ONCE(tgt->pp_recycle != skb->pp_recycle);
 	DEBUG_NET_WARN_ON_ONCE(skb_cmp_decrypted(tgt, skb));
 
 	todo = shiftlen;
@@ -5108,16 +5109,6 @@ struct sk_buff *skb_segment(struct sk_buff *head_skb,
 
 		while (pos < offset + len) {
 			if (i >= nfrags) {
-				if (skb_shinfo(nskb)->nr_frags &&
-				    nskb->pp_recycle != list_skb->pp_recycle) {
-					nskb->data_len = pos - offset - hsize;
-					nskb->len += nskb->data_len;
-					nskb->truesize += nskb->data_len;
-					if (__skb_linearize(nskb))
-						goto err;
-					hsize = pos - offset;
-					nskb_frag = skb_shinfo(nskb)->frags;
-				}
 				if (skb_orphan_frags(list_skb, GFP_ATOMIC) ||
 				    skb_zerocopy_clone(nskb, list_skb,
 						       GFP_ATOMIC))
@@ -5160,8 +5151,6 @@ struct sk_buff *skb_segment(struct sk_buff *head_skb,
 				goto err;
 			}
 
-			if (!skb_shinfo(nskb)->nr_frags)
-				nskb->pp_recycle = frag_skb->pp_recycle;
 			*nskb_frag = (i < 0) ? skb_head_frag_to_page_desc(frag_skb) : *frag;
 			skb_frag_ref(nskb, skb_shinfo(nskb)->nr_frags);
 			size = skb_frag_size(nskb_frag);
@@ -6311,15 +6300,6 @@ bool skb_try_coalesce(struct sk_buff *to, struct sk_buff *from,
 	if (skb_cloned(to))
 		return false;
 
-	/* In general, avoid mixing page_pool and non-page_pool allocated
-	 * pages within the same SKB. In theory we could take full
-	 * references if @from is cloned and !@to->pp_recycle but its
-	 * tricky (due to potential race with the clone disappearing) and
-	 * rare, so not worth dealing with.
-	 */
-	if (to->pp_recycle != from->pp_recycle)
-		return false;
-
 	/* All frags in an skb must either all be struct page-backed or all
 	 * belong to the same memory provider instance; do not coalesce skbs
 	 * that would mix them.
diff --git a/net/core/xdp.c b/net/core/xdp.c
index 1d679e8fd6493..6f2b9191af9ec 100644
--- a/net/core/xdp.c
+++ b/net/core/xdp.c
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ void __xdp_return(netmem_ref netmem, enum xdp_mem_type mem_type,
 					  napi_direct);
 		break;
 	case MEM_TYPE_PAGE_SHARED:
-		page_frag_free(__netmem_address(netmem));
+		netmem_dec_ref(netmem);
 		break;
 	case MEM_TYPE_PAGE_ORDER0:
 		put_page(__netmem_to_page(netmem));
diff --git a/net/ipv4/esp4.c b/net/ipv4/esp4.c
index ae701561d9f12..1c37028146c98 100644
--- a/net/ipv4/esp4.c
+++ b/net/ipv4/esp4.c
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ static inline struct scatterlist *esp_req_sg(struct crypto_aead *aead,
 			     __alignof__(struct scatterlist));
 }
 
-static void esp_ssg_unref(struct xfrm_state *x, void *tmp, struct sk_buff *skb, bool already_unref)
+static void esp_ssg_unref(struct xfrm_state *x, void *tmp, bool already_unref)
 {
 	struct crypto_aead *aead = x->data;
 	int extralen = 0;
@@ -117,8 +117,7 @@ static void esp_ssg_unref(struct xfrm_state *x, void *tmp, struct sk_buff *skb,
 		struct scatterlist *src = already_unref ? esp_req_sg(aead, req) : req->src;
 
 		for (sg = sg_next(src); sg; sg = sg_next(sg))
-			skb_netmem_unref(page_to_netmem(sg_page(sg)),
-					 skb->pp_recycle);
+			netmem_dec_ref(page_to_netmem(sg_page(sg)));
 	}
 }
 
@@ -223,7 +222,7 @@ static void esp_output_done(void *data, int err)
 	}
 
 	tmp = ESP_SKB_CB(skb)->tmp;
-	esp_ssg_unref(x, tmp, skb, false);
+	esp_ssg_unref(x, tmp, false);
 	kfree(tmp);
 
 	if (xo && (xo->flags & XFRM_DEV_RESUME)) {
@@ -579,7 +578,7 @@ int esp_output_tail(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb, struct esp_info *
 			           (unsigned char *)esph - skb->data,
 			           assoclen + ivlen + esp->clen + alen);
 		if (unlikely(err < 0)) {
-			esp_ssg_unref(x, tmp, skb, true);
+			esp_ssg_unref(x, tmp, true);
 			goto error_free;
 		}
 	}
@@ -613,7 +612,7 @@ int esp_output_tail(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb, struct esp_info *
 	}
 
 	if (sg != dsg)
-		esp_ssg_unref(x, tmp, skb, false);
+		esp_ssg_unref(x, tmp, false);
 
 	if (!err && x->encap && x->encap->encap_type == TCP_ENCAP_ESPINTCP)
 		err = esp_output_tail_tcp(x, skb);
diff --git a/net/ipv6/esp6.c b/net/ipv6/esp6.c
index d654f0f442388..25dd0c01f908d 100644
--- a/net/ipv6/esp6.c
+++ b/net/ipv6/esp6.c
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ static inline struct scatterlist *esp_req_sg(struct crypto_aead *aead,
 			     __alignof__(struct scatterlist));
 }
 
-static void esp_ssg_unref(struct xfrm_state *x, void *tmp, struct sk_buff *skb, bool already_unref)
+static void esp_ssg_unref(struct xfrm_state *x, void *tmp, bool already_unref)
 {
 	struct crypto_aead *aead = x->data;
 	int extralen = 0;
@@ -134,8 +134,7 @@ static void esp_ssg_unref(struct xfrm_state *x, void *tmp, struct sk_buff *skb,
 		struct scatterlist *src = already_unref ? esp_req_sg(aead, req) : req->src;
 
 		for (sg = sg_next(src); sg; sg = sg_next(sg))
-			skb_netmem_unref(page_to_netmem(sg_page(sg)),
-					 skb->pp_recycle);
+			netmem_dec_ref(page_to_netmem(sg_page(sg)));
 	}
 }
 
@@ -258,7 +257,7 @@ static void esp_output_done(void *data, int err)
 	}
 
 	tmp = ESP_SKB_CB(skb)->tmp;
-	esp_ssg_unref(x, tmp, skb, false);
+	esp_ssg_unref(x, tmp, false);
 	kfree(tmp);
 
 	esp_output_encap_csum(skb);
@@ -611,7 +610,7 @@ int esp6_output_tail(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb, struct esp_info
 			           (unsigned char *)esph - skb->data,
 			           assoclen + ivlen + esp->clen + alen);
 		if (unlikely(err < 0)) {
-			esp_ssg_unref(x, tmp, skb, true);
+			esp_ssg_unref(x, tmp, true);
 			goto error_free;
 		}
 	}
@@ -646,7 +645,7 @@ int esp6_output_tail(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb, struct esp_info
 	}
 
 	if (sg != dsg)
-		esp_ssg_unref(x, tmp, skb, false);
+		esp_ssg_unref(x, tmp, false);
 
 	if (!err && x->encap && x->encap->encap_type == TCP_ENCAP_ESPINTCP)
 		err = esp_output_tail_tcp(x, skb);
diff --git a/net/tls/tls_device.c b/net/tls/tls_device.c
index 05abf8e23f78a..3aa1557f107dd 100644
--- a/net/tls/tls_device.c
+++ b/net/tls/tls_device.c
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ static void destroy_record(struct tls_record_info *record)
 	int i;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < record->num_frags; i++)
-		netmem_dec_ref(skb_frag_netmem(&record->frags[i]));
+		put_page(skb_frag_page(&record->frags[i]));
 	kfree(record);
 }
 
diff --git a/net/tls/tls_device_fallback.c b/net/tls/tls_device_fallback.c
index b547027cc879f..7d26546f11eb5 100644
--- a/net/tls/tls_device_fallback.c
+++ b/net/tls/tls_device_fallback.c
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ static int fill_sg_in(struct scatterlist *sg_in,
 	for (i = 0; remaining > 0; i++) {
 		skb_frag_t *frag = &record->frags[i];
 
-		netmem_inc_ref(skb_frag_netmem(frag));
+		get_page(skb_frag_page(frag));
 		sg_set_page(sg_in + i, skb_frag_page(frag),
 			    skb_frag_size(frag), skb_frag_off(frag));
 
diff --git a/net/wireless/util.c b/net/wireless/util.c
index 59912f4a93c88..493d7e4a58617 100644
--- a/net/wireless/util.c
+++ b/net/wireless/util.c
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <linux/export.h>
 #include <linux/bitops.h>
 #include <linux/etherdevice.h>
+#include <linux/skbuff_ref.h>
 #include <linux/slab.h>
 #include <linux/ieee80211.h>
 #include <net/cfg80211.h>
@@ -768,19 +769,25 @@ int ieee80211_data_to_8023_exthdr(struct sk_buff *skb, struct ethhdr *ehdr,
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(ieee80211_data_to_8023_exthdr);
 
-static void
+static bool
 __frame_add_frag(struct sk_buff *skb, struct page *page,
 		 void *ptr, int len, int size)
 {
 	struct skb_shared_info *sh = skb_shinfo(skb);
+	int i = sh->nr_frags;
 	int page_offset;
 
-	get_page(page);
+	if (i >= MAX_SKB_FRAGS)
+		return false;
+
 	page_offset = ptr - page_address(page);
-	skb_add_rx_frag(skb, sh->nr_frags, page, page_offset, len, size);
+	skb_add_rx_frag(skb, i, page, page_offset, len, size);
+	skb_frag_ref(skb, i);
+
+	return true;
 }
 
-static void
+static bool
 __ieee80211_amsdu_copy_frag(struct sk_buff *skb, struct sk_buff *frame,
 			    int offset, int len)
 {
@@ -809,17 +816,22 @@ __ieee80211_amsdu_copy_frag(struct sk_buff *skb, struct sk_buff *frame,
 
 	cur_len = min(len, frag_len);
 
-	__frame_add_frag(frame, frag_page, frag_ptr, cur_len, frag_size);
+	if (!__frame_add_frag(frame, frag_page, frag_ptr, cur_len, frag_size))
+		return false;
 	len -= cur_len;
 
 	while (len > 0) {
 		frag_len = skb_frag_size(frag);
 		cur_len = min(len, frag_len);
-		__frame_add_frag(frame, skb_frag_page(frag),
-				 skb_frag_address(frag), cur_len, frag_len);
+		if (!__frame_add_frag(frame, skb_frag_page(frag),
+				      skb_frag_address(frag), cur_len,
+				      frag_len))
+			return false;
 		len -= cur_len;
 		frag++;
 	}
+
+	return true;
 }
 
 static struct sk_buff *
@@ -858,7 +870,10 @@ __ieee80211_amsdu_copy(struct sk_buff *skb, unsigned int hlen,
 		return frame;
 
 	offset += cur_len;
-	__ieee80211_amsdu_copy_frag(skb, frame, offset, len);
+	if (!__ieee80211_amsdu_copy_frag(skb, frame, offset, len)) {
+		kfree_skb(frame);
+		return NULL;
+	}
 
 	return frame;
 }
diff --git a/net/xfrm/trace_iptfs.h b/net/xfrm/trace_iptfs.h
index 74391ba244453..ecfd3f1f36d1f 100644
--- a/net/xfrm/trace_iptfs.h
+++ b/net/xfrm/trace_iptfs.h
@@ -167,7 +167,6 @@ TRACE_EVENT(iptfs_ingress_nth_add, TP_PROTO(struct sk_buff *skb, u8 share_ok),
 			     __field(u32, data_len)
 			     __field(u8, share_ok)
 			     __field(u8, head_frag)
-			     __field(u8, pp_recycle)
 			     __field(u8, cloned)
 			     __field(u8, shared)
 			     __field(u8, nr_frags)
@@ -178,15 +177,14 @@ TRACE_EVENT(iptfs_ingress_nth_add, TP_PROTO(struct sk_buff *skb, u8 share_ok),
 			   __entry->data_len = skb->data_len;
 			   __entry->share_ok = share_ok;
 			   __entry->head_frag = skb->head_frag;
-			   __entry->pp_recycle = skb->pp_recycle;
 			   __entry->cloned = skb_cloned(skb);
 			   __entry->shared = skb_shared(skb);
 			   __entry->nr_frags = skb_shinfo(skb)->nr_frags;
 			   __entry->frag_list = (bool)skb_shinfo(skb)->frag_list;
 		    ),
-	    TP_printk("INGRPSTQ: NTHADD: skb=%p len=%u data_len=%u share_ok=%u head_frag=%u pp_recycle=%u cloned=%u shared=%u nr_frags=%u frag_list=%u",
+	    TP_printk("INGRPSTQ: NTHADD: skb=%p len=%u data_len=%u share_ok=%u head_frag=%u cloned=%u shared=%u nr_frags=%u frag_list=%u",
 		      __entry->skb, __entry->skb_len, __entry->data_len, __entry->share_ok,
-		      __entry->head_frag, __entry->pp_recycle, __entry->cloned, __entry->shared,
+		      __entry->head_frag, __entry->cloned, __entry->shared,
 		      __entry->nr_frags, __entry->frag_list));
 
 DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(iptfs_timer_event,
diff --git a/net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c b/net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c
index 04ef833074fc8..f441aa54dcf1f 100644
--- a/net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c
+++ b/net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c
@@ -310,7 +310,6 @@ static void iptfs_skb_head_to_frag(const struct sk_buff *skb, skb_frag_t *frag)
  * @nr_frags: number of fragments present in array
  * @initial_offset: the value passed in to skb_prepare_frag_walk()
  * @frags: the page fragments inc. room for head page
- * @pp_recycle: copy of skb->pp_recycle
  */
 struct iptfs_skb_frag_walk {
 	u32 fragi;
@@ -319,7 +318,6 @@ struct iptfs_skb_frag_walk {
 	u32 nr_frags;
 	u32 initial_offset;
 	skb_frag_t frags[MAX_SKB_FRAGS + 1];
-	bool pp_recycle;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -343,7 +341,6 @@ static void iptfs_skb_prepare_frag_walk(struct sk_buff *skb, u32 initial_offset,
 	walk->past = 0;
 	walk->total = 0;
 	walk->nr_frags = 0;
-	walk->pp_recycle = skb->pp_recycle;
 
 	if (skb->head_frag) {
 		if (initial_offset >= skb_headlen(skb)) {
@@ -413,7 +410,7 @@ static bool iptfs_skb_can_add_frags(const struct sk_buff *skb,
 	struct skb_shared_info *shinfo = skb_shinfo(skb);
 	u32 fragi, nr_frags, fraglen;
 
-	if (skb_has_frag_list(skb) || skb->pp_recycle != walk->pp_recycle)
+	if (skb_has_frag_list(skb))
 		return false;
 
 	/* Reject an @offset that is at or beyond the end of the walk's data
@@ -898,8 +895,7 @@ static u32 iptfs_reassem_cont(struct xfrm_iptfs_data *xtfs, u64 seq,
 
 	/* If we may have the opportunity to share prepare a fragwalk. */
 	if (!skb_has_frag_list(skb) && !skb_has_frag_list(newskb) &&
-	    (skb->head_frag || skb->len == skb->data_len) &&
-	    skb->pp_recycle == newskb->pp_recycle) {
+	    (skb->head_frag || skb->len == skb->data_len)) {
 		fragwalk = &_fragwalk;
 		iptfs_skb_prepare_frag_walk(skb, data, fragwalk);
 	}
@@ -2289,15 +2285,10 @@ static void iptfs_output_queued(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff_head *list)
 				}
 			}
 
-			/* skb->pp_recycle is passed to __skb_flag_unref for all
-			 * frag pages so we can only share pages with skb's who
-			 * match ourselves.
-			 */
 			shi2 = skb_shinfo(skb2);
 			if (share_ok &&
 			    (shi2->frag_list ||
 			     (!skb2->head_frag && skb_headlen(skb)) ||
-			     skb->pp_recycle != skb2->pp_recycle ||
 			     skb_zcopy(skb2) ||
 			     (shi->nr_frags + shi2->nr_frags + 1 > MAX_SKB_FRAGS)))
 				share_ok = false;
-- 
2.56.0.455.g6c5a503b38-goog

[PATCH net-next v2 5/5] net: remove skb_mark_for_recycle()

[Mina Almasry]

Now that page_pool reference counting is dispatched directly from each
netmem's type and skb->pp_recycle has been removed, skb_mark_for_recycle()
is a no-op stub with no remaining purpose. Remove its definition, all
in-tree callers, and its reference in
Documentation/networking/page_pool.rst.

Signed-off-by: Mina Almasry <almasrymina@google.com>
---
 Documentation/networking/page_pool.rst                |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/airoha/airoha_eth.c              |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/alibaba/eea/eea_rx.c             |  3 ---
 drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/asp2/bcmasp_intf.c      |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/bnge/bnge_txrx.c        |  5 -----
 drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/bnxt/bnxt.c             |  8 --------
 drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/genet/bcmgenet.c        |  2 --
 drivers/net/ethernet/cisco/enic/enic_rq.c             |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/engleder/tsnep_main.c            |  2 --
 drivers/net/ethernet/freescale/fec_main.c             |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_rx_dqo.c          |  9 ---------
 drivers/net/ethernet/hisilicon/hibmcge/hbg_txrx.c     |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/hisilicon/hns3/hns3_enet.c       |  6 ------
 drivers/net/ethernet/huawei/hinic3/hinic3_rx.c        |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/intel/iavf/iavf_txrx.c           |  2 --
 drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/mvneta.c                 |  2 --
 drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/mvpp2/mvpp2_main.c       |  2 --
 .../net/ethernet/marvell/octeontx2/nic/otx2_txrx.c    |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/mediatek/mtk_eth_soc.c           |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx4/en_rx.c            |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx5/core/en_rx.c       |  8 --------
 drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlxsw/pci.c             |  2 --
 drivers/net/ethernet/microchip/lan966x/lan966x_fdma.c |  2 --
 .../ethernet/microchip/sparx5/lan969x/lan969x_fdma.c  |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/microsoft/mana/mana_en.c         |  3 ---
 drivers/net/ethernet/mucse/rnpgbe/rnpgbe_lib.c        |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/pensando/ionic/ionic_txrx.c      |  2 --
 drivers/net/ethernet/realtek/rtase/rtase_main.c       |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/renesas/ravb_main.c              |  2 --
 drivers/net/ethernet/socionext/netsec.c               |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/stmicro/stmmac/stmmac_main.c     |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/tehuti/tn40.c                    |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/ti/am65-cpsw-nuss.c              |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/ti/cpsw.c                        |  2 --
 drivers/net/ethernet/ti/cpsw_new.c                    |  2 --
 drivers/net/ethernet/ti/icssg/icssg_common.c          |  1 -
 drivers/net/ethernet/wangxun/libwx/wx_lib.c           |  2 --
 drivers/net/virtio_net.c                              |  8 +-------
 drivers/net/vmxnet3/vmxnet3_xdp.c                     |  1 -
 drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/dma.c              |  1 -
 drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/mt7996/mac.c       |  1 -
 drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/npu.c              |  1 -
 drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/usb.c              |  1 -
 drivers/net/xen-netfront.c                            |  1 -
 include/linux/skbuff.h                                |  5 -----
 include/net/page_pool/helpers.h                       |  5 ++---
 net/core/skbuff.c                                     |  1 -
 net/core/xdp.c                                        | 11 ++---------
 48 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 115 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/networking/page_pool.rst b/Documentation/networking/page_pool.rst
index d0be2b800a060..5b2d6d011fc1b 100644
--- a/Documentation/networking/page_pool.rst
+++ b/Documentation/networking/page_pool.rst
@@ -166,7 +166,6 @@ NAPI poller
             if XDP_DROP:
                 page_pool_recycle_direct(page_pool, page);
         } else (packet_is_skb) {
-            skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
             new_page = page_pool_dev_alloc_pages(page_pool);
         }
     }
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/airoha/airoha_eth.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/airoha/airoha_eth.c
index b164a78ddac9d..980b8c1d0dc49 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/airoha/airoha_eth.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/airoha/airoha_eth.c
@@ -925,7 +925,6 @@ static int airoha_qdma_rx_process(struct airoha_queue *q, int budget)
 
 			skb_reserve(q->skb, AIROHA_RX_HEADROOM);
 			__skb_put(q->skb, len);
-			skb_mark_for_recycle(q->skb);
 			q->skb->dev = netdev;
 			q->skb->ip_summed = CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY;
 			skb_record_rx_queue(q->skb, qid);
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/alibaba/eea/eea_rx.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/alibaba/eea/eea_rx.c
index 5dfb7cb2ba6d2..27feb9cdedd7e 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/alibaba/eea/eea_rx.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/alibaba/eea/eea_rx.c
@@ -319,8 +319,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *eea_rx_build_split_hdr_skb(struct eea_net_rx *rx,
 		skb_add_rx_frag(skb, 0, page, offset, ctx->len, truesize);
 	}
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 	return skb;
 }
 
@@ -345,7 +343,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *eea_rx_build_skb(struct eea_net_rx *rx,
 		return NULL;
 
 	truesize = eea_consume_rx_buffer(rx, meta, bufsize);
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 
 	skb->truesize += truesize - bufsize;
 
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/asp2/bcmasp_intf.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/asp2/bcmasp_intf.c
index f09054a02feb6..005476e150710 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/asp2/bcmasp_intf.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/asp2/bcmasp_intf.c
@@ -576,7 +576,6 @@ static int bcmasp_rx_poll(struct napi_struct *napi, int budget)
 		skb_reserve(skb, NET_SKB_PAD);
 		skb_put(skb, len);
 		memcpy(skb->data, data, len);
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 
 		/* Skip the 2-byte hardware alignment pad. */
 		skb_pull(skb, 2);
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/bnge/bnge_txrx.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/bnge/bnge_txrx.c
index 472b02cc43b3c..de352d53628c9 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/bnge/bnge_txrx.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/bnge/bnge_txrx.c
@@ -240,7 +240,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *bnge_rx_agg_netmems_skb(struct bnge_net *bn,
 	total_frag_len = __bnge_rx_agg_netmems(bn, cpr, idx, agg_bufs,
 					       tpa, skb);
 	if (!total_frag_len) {
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 		dev_kfree_skb(skb);
 		return NULL;
 	}
@@ -468,7 +467,6 @@ void bnge_reuse_rx_data(struct bnge_rx_ring_info *rxr, u16 cons, void *data)
 static void bnge_deliver_skb(struct bnge_net *bn, struct bnge_napi *bnapi,
 			     struct sk_buff *skb)
 {
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	skb_record_rx_queue(skb, bnapi->index);
 	napi_gro_receive(&bnapi->napi, skb);
 }
@@ -659,7 +657,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *bnge_tpa_end(struct bnge_net *bn,
 			bnge_abort_tpa(cpr, idx, agg_bufs);
 			return NULL;
 		}
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 		skb_reserve(skb, bn->rx_offset);
 		skb_put(skb, len);
 	}
@@ -761,7 +758,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *bnge_rx_vlan(struct sk_buff *skb, u8 cmp_type,
 	return skb;
 
 vlan_err:
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	dev_kfree_skb(skb);
 	return NULL;
 }
@@ -790,7 +786,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *bnge_rx_skb(struct bnge_net *bn,
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	skb_reserve(skb, bn->rx_offset);
 	skb_put(skb, len);
 	return skb;
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/bnxt/bnxt.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/bnxt/bnxt.c
index 757c7266ce15d..af385c0c43b6e 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/bnxt/bnxt.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/bnxt/bnxt.c
@@ -1226,7 +1226,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *bnxt_rx_multi_page_skb(struct bnxt *bp,
 		bnxt_reuse_rx_data(rxr, cons, data);
 		return NULL;
 	}
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	skb_reserve(skb, data_ptr - (u8 *)frag_start);
 	__skb_put(skb, len);
 
@@ -1265,7 +1264,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *bnxt_rx_page_skb(struct bnxt *bp,
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	off = (void *)data_ptr - page_address(page);
 	skb_add_rx_frag(skb, 0, page, off, len, rxr->rx_page_size);
 	memcpy(skb->data - NET_IP_ALIGN, data_ptr - NET_IP_ALIGN,
@@ -1304,7 +1302,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *bnxt_rx_skb(struct bnxt *bp,
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	skb_reserve(skb, bp->rx_offset);
 	skb_put(skb, offset_and_len & 0xffff);
 	return skb;
@@ -1411,7 +1408,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *bnxt_rx_agg_netmems_skb(struct bnxt *bp,
 	total_frag_len = __bnxt_rx_agg_netmems(bp, cpr, idx, agg_bufs, tpa,
 					       skb, NULL);
 	if (!total_frag_len) {
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 		dev_kfree_skb(skb);
 		return NULL;
 	}
@@ -2023,7 +2019,6 @@ static inline struct sk_buff *bnxt_tpa_end(struct bnxt *bp,
 			cpr->sw_stats->rx.rx_oom_discards += 1;
 			return NULL;
 		}
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 		skb_reserve(skb, bp->rx_offset);
 		skb_put(skb, len);
 	}
@@ -2088,8 +2083,6 @@ static void bnxt_tpa_agg(struct bnxt *bp, struct bnxt_rx_ring_info *rxr,
 static void bnxt_deliver_skb(struct bnxt *bp, struct bnxt_napi *bnapi,
 			     struct sk_buff *skb)
 {
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 	if (skb->dev != bp->dev) {
 		/* this packet belongs to a vf-rep */
 		bnxt_vf_rep_rx(bp, skb);
@@ -2151,7 +2144,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *bnxt_rx_vlan(struct sk_buff *skb, u8 cmp_type,
 	}
 	return skb;
 vlan_err:
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	dev_kfree_skb(skb);
 	return NULL;
 }
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/genet/bcmgenet.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/genet/bcmgenet.c
index 4d2be2a21ed1b..240d2d5e4f5fe 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/genet/bcmgenet.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/genet/bcmgenet.c
@@ -2437,8 +2437,6 @@ static unsigned int bcmgenet_desc_rx(struct bcmgenet_rx_ring *ring,
 			goto next;
 		}
 
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 		/* Reserve the RSB + pad, then set the data length */
 		skb_reserve(skb, GENET_RSB_PAD);
 		__skb_put(skb, len - GENET_RSB_PAD);
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/cisco/enic/enic_rq.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/cisco/enic/enic_rq.c
index ccbf5c9a21d0f..1221a4a289294 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/cisco/enic/enic_rq.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/cisco/enic/enic_rq.c
@@ -369,7 +369,6 @@ static void enic_rq_indicate_buf(struct enic *enic, struct vnic_rq *rq,
 				      fcoe_fc_crc_ok, vlan_stripped,
 				      csum_not_calc, tcp_udp_csum_ok, ipv6,
 				      ipv4_csum_ok, vlan_tci, skb);
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 		napi_gro_frags(napi);
 		if (enic->rx_coalesce_setting.use_adaptive_rx_coalesce)
 			enic_intr_update_pkt_size(&cq->pkt_size_counter,
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/engleder/tsnep_main.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/engleder/tsnep_main.c
index 5db04e209dc67..e0881dd53912d 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/engleder/tsnep_main.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/engleder/tsnep_main.c
@@ -1416,8 +1416,6 @@ static void tsnep_rx_page(struct tsnep_rx *rx, struct napi_struct *napi,
 
 	skb = tsnep_build_skb(rx, page, length);
 	if (skb) {
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 		rx->packets++;
 		rx->bytes += length;
 		if (skb->pkt_type == PACKET_MULTICAST)
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/freescale/fec_main.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/freescale/fec_main.c
index f7636f23d1ebb..42499a269ad6c 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/freescale/fec_main.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/freescale/fec_main.c
@@ -1855,7 +1855,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *fec_build_skb(struct fec_enet_private *fep,
 
 	skb_reserve(skb, FEC_ENET_XDP_HEADROOM + fep->rx_shift);
 	skb_put(skb, len);
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 
 	/* Get offloads from the enhanced buffer descriptor */
 	if (fep->bufdesc_ex) {
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_rx_dqo.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_rx_dqo.c
index 82ed5e48b00ab..3942e5d117c14 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_rx_dqo.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/google/gve/gve_rx_dqo.c
@@ -622,9 +622,6 @@ static int gve_rx_append_frags(struct napi_struct *napi,
 		if (!skb)
 			return -1;
 
-		if (rx->dqo.page_pool)
-			skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 		if (rx->ctx.skb_tail == rx->ctx.skb_head)
 			skb_shinfo(rx->ctx.skb_head)->frag_list = skb;
 		else
@@ -883,9 +880,6 @@ static int gve_rx_dqo(struct napi_struct *napi, struct gve_rx_ring *rx,
 			if (unlikely(!rx->ctx.skb_head))
 				goto error;
 			rx->ctx.skb_tail = rx->ctx.skb_head;
-
-			if (rx->dqo.page_pool)
-				skb_mark_for_recycle(rx->ctx.skb_head);
 		} else {
 			unsplit = 1;
 		}
@@ -988,9 +982,6 @@ static int gve_rx_dqo(struct napi_struct *napi, struct gve_rx_ring *rx,
 		return 0;
 	}
 
-	if (rx->dqo.page_pool)
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(rx->ctx.skb_head);
-
 	gve_skb_add_rx_frag(rx, buf_state, 0, buf_len);
 	gve_reuse_buffer(rx, buf_state);
 	return 0;
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/hisilicon/hibmcge/hbg_txrx.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/hisilicon/hibmcge/hbg_txrx.c
index 2ea025fd964fd..3204203230795 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/hisilicon/hibmcge/hbg_txrx.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/hisilicon/hibmcge/hbg_txrx.c
@@ -471,7 +471,6 @@ static int hbg_build_skb(struct hbg_priv *priv,
 	buffer->skb = napi_build_skb(buffer->page_addr, buffer->page_size);
 	if (unlikely(!buffer->skb))
 		return -ENOMEM;
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(buffer->skb);
 
 	/* page will be freed together with the skb */
 	buffer->page = NULL;
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/hisilicon/hns3/hns3_enet.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/hisilicon/hns3/hns3_enet.c
index 47788be64be68..ed6e75b45c25e 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/hisilicon/hns3/hns3_enet.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/hisilicon/hns3/hns3_enet.c
@@ -4125,9 +4125,6 @@ static int hns3_alloc_skb(struct hns3_enet_ring *ring, unsigned int length,
 		return 0;
 	}
 
-	if (ring->page_pool)
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 	hns3_ring_stats_update(ring, seg_pkt_cnt);
 
 	ring->pull_len = eth_get_headlen(netdev, va, HNS3_RX_HEAD_SIZE);
@@ -4165,9 +4162,6 @@ static int hns3_add_frag(struct hns3_enet_ring *ring)
 				return -ENXIO;
 			}
 
-			if (ring->page_pool)
-				skb_mark_for_recycle(new_skb);
-
 			ring->frag_num = 0;
 
 			if (ring->tail_skb) {
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/huawei/hinic3/hinic3_rx.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/huawei/hinic3/hinic3_rx.c
index 309ab59013797..4f94c13eedf3f 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/huawei/hinic3/hinic3_rx.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/huawei/hinic3/hinic3_rx.c
@@ -234,7 +234,6 @@ static void hinic3_add_rx_frag(struct hinic3_rxq *rxq,
 
 	skb_add_rx_frag(skb, skb_shinfo(skb)->nr_frags, page,
 			rx_info->page_offset, size, rxq->buf_len);
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 }
 
 static void packaging_skb(struct hinic3_rxq *rxq, struct sk_buff *skb,
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/iavf/iavf_txrx.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/iavf/iavf_txrx.c
index 8982cf75466fa..6b863035d3ae9 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/iavf/iavf_txrx.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/iavf/iavf_txrx.c
@@ -1229,8 +1229,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *iavf_build_skb(const struct libeth_fqe *rx_buffer,
 	if (unlikely(!skb))
 		return NULL;
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 	/* update pointers within the skb to store the data */
 	skb_reserve(skb, hr);
 	__skb_put(skb, size);
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/mvneta.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/mvneta.c
index ea755cf05b9ef..0554595fbd143 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/mvneta.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/mvneta.c
@@ -2407,8 +2407,6 @@ mvneta_swbm_build_skb(struct mvneta_port *pp, struct page_pool *pool,
 	if (!skb)
 		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 	skb_reserve(skb, xdp->data - xdp->data_hard_start);
 	skb_put(skb, xdp->data_end - xdp->data);
 	if (metasize)
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/mvpp2/mvpp2_main.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/mvpp2/mvpp2_main.c
index 317af54369cfe..7d4c6ce505697 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/mvpp2/mvpp2_main.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/mvpp2/mvpp2_main.c
@@ -4030,8 +4030,6 @@ static int mvpp2_rx(struct mvpp2_port *port, struct napi_struct *napi,
 			}
 			goto err_drop_frame_retired;
 		}
-		if (pp)
-			skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 
 		/* If we have RX hardware timestamping enabled, grab the
 		 * timestamp from the queue and convert.
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/octeontx2/nic/otx2_txrx.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/octeontx2/nic/otx2_txrx.c
index 90af9b9044aa0..8869e9f1d6b5a 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/octeontx2/nic/otx2_txrx.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/octeontx2/nic/otx2_txrx.c
@@ -383,7 +383,6 @@ static void otx2_rcv_pkt_handler(struct otx2_nic *pfvf,
 	if (pfvf->flags & OTX2_FLAG_TC_MARK_ENABLED)
 		skb->mark = parse->match_id;
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	if (metasize)
 		skb_metadata_set(skb, metasize);
 
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/mediatek/mtk_eth_soc.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/mediatek/mtk_eth_soc.c
index ad0fdc4133fb6..51105efb0ed6f 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/mediatek/mtk_eth_soc.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/mediatek/mtk_eth_soc.c
@@ -2305,7 +2305,6 @@ static int mtk_poll_rx(struct napi_struct *napi, int budget,
 			metasize = xdp.data - xdp.data_meta;
 			if (metasize)
 				skb_metadata_set(skb, metasize);
-			skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 		} else {
 			if (ring->frag_size <= PAGE_SIZE)
 				new_data = napi_alloc_frag(ring->frag_size);
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx4/en_rx.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx4/en_rx.c
index fe18606c2ab55..6c59761b903b0 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx4/en_rx.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx4/en_rx.c
@@ -856,7 +856,6 @@ int mlx4_en_process_rx_cq(struct net_device *dev, struct mlx4_en_cq *cq, int bud
 		skb = napi_get_frags(&cq->napi);
 		if (unlikely(!skb))
 			goto next;
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 
 		if (unlikely(ring->hwtstamp_rx_filter == HWTSTAMP_FILTER_ALL)) {
 			u64 timestamp = mlx4_en_get_cqe_ts(cqe);
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx5/core/en_rx.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx5/core/en_rx.c
index 22fea4739a2c9..f2b5ab014d549 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx5/core/en_rx.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx5/core/en_rx.c
@@ -1614,7 +1614,6 @@ mlx5e_skb_from_cqe_linear(struct mlx5e_rq *rq, struct mlx5e_wqe_frag_info *wi,
 		return NULL;
 
 	/* queue up for recycling/reuse */
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	frag_page->frags++;
 
 	return skb;
@@ -1701,7 +1700,6 @@ mlx5e_skb_from_cqe_nonlinear(struct mlx5e_rq *rq, struct mlx5e_wqe_frag_info *wi
 	if (unlikely(!skb))
 		return NULL;
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	head_wi->frag_page->frags++;
 
 	if (xdp_buff_has_frags(&mxbuf->xdp)) {
@@ -1966,7 +1964,6 @@ mlx5e_skb_from_cqe_mpwrq_nonlinear(struct mlx5e_rq *rq, struct mlx5e_mpw_info *w
 			rq->stats->buff_alloc_err++;
 			return NULL;
 		}
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 		va = skb->head;
 		net_prefetchw(va); /* xdp_frame data area */
 		net_prefetchw(skb->data);
@@ -2046,7 +2043,6 @@ mlx5e_skb_from_cqe_mpwrq_nonlinear(struct mlx5e_rq *rq, struct mlx5e_mpw_info *w
 		if (unlikely(!skb))
 			return NULL;
 
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 		linear_page->frags++;
 
 		if (xdp_buff_has_frags(&mxbuf->xdp)) {
@@ -2146,7 +2142,6 @@ mlx5e_skb_from_cqe_mpwrq_linear(struct mlx5e_rq *rq, struct mlx5e_mpw_info *wi,
 		return NULL;
 
 	/* queue up for recycling/reuse */
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	frag_page->frags++;
 
 	return skb;
@@ -2176,9 +2171,6 @@ mlx5e_skb_from_cqe_shampo(struct mlx5e_rq *rq, struct mlx5e_mpw_info *wi,
 			      head_offset, head_offset, len);
 	__skb_put(skb, head_size);
 
-	/* queue up for recycling/reuse */
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 	return skb;
 }
 
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlxsw/pci.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlxsw/pci.c
index dceb69945d26e..a81cff6a6b7b8 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlxsw/pci.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlxsw/pci.c
@@ -776,8 +776,6 @@ static void mlxsw_pci_cqe_rdq_handle(struct mlxsw_pci *mlxsw_pci,
 		goto out;
 	}
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 	if (mlxsw_pci_cqe_lag_get(cqe_v, cqe)) {
 		rx_info.is_lag = true;
 		rx_info.u.lag_id = mlxsw_pci_cqe_lag_id_get(cqe_v, cqe);
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/microchip/lan966x/lan966x_fdma.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/microchip/lan966x/lan966x_fdma.c
index 21668bbcc9063..e4f091fd7956c 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/microchip/lan966x/lan966x_fdma.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/microchip/lan966x/lan966x_fdma.c
@@ -439,8 +439,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *lan966x_fdma_rx_get_frame(struct lan966x_rx *rx,
 	if (unlikely(!skb))
 		goto free_page;
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 	skb_reserve(skb, XDP_PACKET_HEADROOM);
 	skb_put(skb, fdma_db_len_get(db));
 
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/microchip/sparx5/lan969x/lan969x_fdma.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/microchip/sparx5/lan969x/lan969x_fdma.c
index 053d125eda658..f9c610c18b2c3 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/microchip/sparx5/lan969x/lan969x_fdma.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/microchip/sparx5/lan969x/lan969x_fdma.c
@@ -120,7 +120,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *lan969x_fdma_rx_get_frame(struct sparx5 *sparx5,
 	if (unlikely(!skb))
 		goto free_page;
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	skb_put(skb, fdma_db_len_get(db));
 	skb_pull(skb, IFH_LEN * sizeof(u32));
 
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/microsoft/mana/mana_en.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/microsoft/mana/mana_en.c
index 6b7c027e497ed..2f670e3c61d80 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/microsoft/mana/mana_en.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/microsoft/mana/mana_en.c
@@ -2170,9 +2170,6 @@ static void mana_rx_skb(void *buf_va, bool from_pool,
 	if (!skb)
 		goto drop;
 
-	if (from_pool)
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 	skb->dev = napi->dev;
 
 	skb->protocol = eth_type_trans(skb, ndev);
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/mucse/rnpgbe/rnpgbe_lib.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/mucse/rnpgbe/rnpgbe_lib.c
index b7b0c45a0f664..03ba794d6d727 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/mucse/rnpgbe/rnpgbe_lib.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/mucse/rnpgbe/rnpgbe_lib.c
@@ -332,7 +332,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *rnpgbe_build_skb(struct mucse_rx_buffer *rx_buffer,
 	/* update pointers within the skb to store the data */
 	skb_reserve(skb, RNPGBE_SKB_PAD);
 	__skb_put(skb, size);
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 
 	return skb;
 }
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/pensando/ionic/ionic_txrx.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/pensando/ionic/ionic_txrx.c
index 2543a8ff85476..8b85bb7effdd5 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/pensando/ionic/ionic_txrx.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/pensando/ionic/ionic_txrx.c
@@ -198,7 +198,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *ionic_rx_build_skb(struct ionic_queue *q,
 		q_to_rx_stats(q)->alloc_err++;
 		return NULL;
 	}
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 
 	if (headroom)
 		frag_len = min_t(u16, len,
@@ -249,7 +248,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *ionic_rx_copybreak(struct net_device *netdev,
 		q_to_rx_stats(q)->alloc_err++;
 		return NULL;
 	}
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 
 	if (!synced)
 		page_pool_dma_sync_for_cpu(q->page_pool,
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/realtek/rtase/rtase_main.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/realtek/rtase/rtase_main.c
index e3cd4f7c13804..4d1cd4f8c2d07 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/realtek/rtase/rtase_main.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/realtek/rtase/rtase_main.c
@@ -562,7 +562,6 @@ static int rx_handler(struct rtase_ring *ring, int budget)
 			rtase_rx_csum(tp, skb, desc);
 
 		skb_put(skb, pkt_size);
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 		skb->protocol = eth_type_trans(skb, dev);
 
 		if (skb->pkt_type == PACKET_MULTICAST)
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/renesas/ravb_main.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/renesas/ravb_main.c
index 5a07cc0180d8b..135081fce0bbd 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/renesas/ravb_main.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/renesas/ravb_main.c
@@ -877,7 +877,6 @@ static int ravb_rx_gbeth(struct net_device *ndev, int budget, int q)
 							   true);
 					goto refill;
 				}
-				skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 				skb_put(skb, desc_len);
 
 				/* Save this skb if the packet spans multiple
@@ -1041,7 +1040,6 @@ static int ravb_rx_rcar(struct net_device *ndev, int budget, int q)
 						   rx_buff->page, 0, true);
 				break;
 			}
-			skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 
 			ravb_rx_rcar_hwstamp(priv, q, desc, skb);
 
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/socionext/netsec.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/socionext/netsec.c
index 79a0a324c921d..95da134dc847a 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/socionext/netsec.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/socionext/netsec.c
@@ -1044,7 +1044,6 @@ static int netsec_process_rx(struct netsec_priv *priv, int budget)
 				  "rx failed to build skb\n");
 			break;
 		}
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 
 		skb_reserve(skb, xdp.data - xdp.data_hard_start);
 		skb_put(skb, xdp.data_end - xdp.data);
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/stmicro/stmmac/stmmac_main.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/stmicro/stmmac/stmmac_main.c
index 9ded31150fbe6..5ce03aec41024 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/stmicro/stmmac/stmmac_main.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/stmicro/stmmac/stmmac_main.c
@@ -6010,7 +6010,6 @@ static int stmmac_rx(struct stmmac_priv *priv, int limit, u32 queue)
 			head_pad_len = ctx.xdp.data - ctx.xdp.data_hard_start;
 			skb_reserve(skb, head_pad_len);
 			skb_put(skb, buf1_len);
-			skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 			buf->page = NULL;
 		} else if (buf1_len) {
 			dma_sync_single_for_cpu(priv->device, buf->addr,
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/tehuti/tn40.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/tehuti/tn40.c
index 558b791a97edd..c1fcc28e44322 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/tehuti/tn40.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/tehuti/tn40.c
@@ -384,7 +384,6 @@ static int tn40_rx_receive(struct tn40_priv *priv, int budget)
 			tn40_recycle_rx_buffer(priv, rxdd);
 			break;
 		}
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 		skb_put(skb, len);
 		skb->protocol = eth_type_trans(skb, priv->ndev);
 		skb->ip_summed =
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/am65-cpsw-nuss.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/am65-cpsw-nuss.c
index 2551554add17a..48be2ba48a7f5 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/am65-cpsw-nuss.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/am65-cpsw-nuss.c
@@ -1353,7 +1353,6 @@ static int am65_cpsw_nuss_rx_packets(struct am65_cpsw_rx_flow *flow,
 	skb_put(skb, pkt_len);
 	if (port->rx_ts_filter)
 		am65_cpts_rx_timestamp(common->cpts, port_id, skb);
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	skb->protocol = eth_type_trans(skb, ndev);
 	am65_cpsw_nuss_rx_csum(skb, csum_info);
 	napi_gro_receive(&flow->napi_rx, skb);
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/cpsw.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/cpsw.c
index 8d36124520ad3..2ffdd8086b45b 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/cpsw.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/cpsw.c
@@ -453,8 +453,6 @@ static void cpsw_rx_handler(void *token, int len, int status)
 		cpts_rx_timestamp(cpsw->cpts, skb);
 	skb->protocol = eth_type_trans(skb, ndev);
 
-	/* mark skb for recycling */
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	netif_receive_skb(skb);
 
 	ndev->stats.rx_bytes += len;
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/cpsw_new.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/cpsw_new.c
index 07832cad5e3c2..996b513f349f1 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/cpsw_new.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/cpsw_new.c
@@ -397,8 +397,6 @@ static void cpsw_rx_handler(void *token, int len, int status)
 		cpts_rx_timestamp(cpsw->cpts, skb);
 	skb->protocol = eth_type_trans(skb, ndev);
 
-	/* mark skb for recycling */
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	netif_receive_skb(skb);
 
 	ndev->stats.rx_bytes += len;
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/icssg/icssg_common.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/icssg/icssg_common.c
index 4a7d1a6f470b1..20c5f44df2578 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/icssg/icssg_common.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/ti/icssg/icssg_common.c
@@ -1131,7 +1131,6 @@ static int emac_rx_packet(struct prueth_emac *emac, u32 flow_id, u32 *xdp_state)
 		skb->offload_fwd_mark = emac->offload_fwd_mark;
 	skb->protocol = eth_type_trans(skb, ndev);
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	napi_gro_receive(&emac->napi_rx, skb);
 	ndev->stats.rx_bytes += pkt_len;
 	ndev->stats.rx_packets++;
diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/wangxun/libwx/wx_lib.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/wangxun/libwx/wx_lib.c
index dcbf5811046e9..8de18c10de99b 100644
--- a/drivers/net/ethernet/wangxun/libwx/wx_lib.c
+++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/wangxun/libwx/wx_lib.c
@@ -259,8 +259,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *wx_build_skb(struct wx_ring *rx_ring,
 			return skb;
 		}
 
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 		if (!wx_test_staterr(rx_desc, WX_RXD_STAT_EOP))
 			WX_CB(skb)->dma = rx_buffer->dma;
 
diff --git a/drivers/net/virtio_net.c b/drivers/net/virtio_net.c
index 3453689bfd341..9fa7b1a40624f 100644
--- a/drivers/net/virtio_net.c
+++ b/drivers/net/virtio_net.c
@@ -1930,8 +1930,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *receive_small_xdp(struct net_device *dev,
 	if (metasize)
 		skb_metadata_set(skb, metasize);
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 	return skb;
 
 err_xdp:
@@ -1987,10 +1985,8 @@ static struct sk_buff *receive_small(struct net_device *dev,
 	}
 
 	skb = receive_small_build_skb(vi, xdp_headroom, buf, len, buflen);
-	if (likely(skb)) {
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
+	if (likely(skb))
 		return skb;
-	}
 
 	u64_stats_inc(&stats->alloc_fail);
 err:
@@ -2313,7 +2309,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *receive_mergeable_xdp(struct net_device *dev,
 			break;
 		}
 
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(head_skb);
 		return head_skb;
 
 	case XDP_TX:
@@ -2425,7 +2420,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *receive_mergeable(struct net_device *dev,
 		goto err_skb;
 	}
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(head_skb);
 	while (--num_buf) {
 		buf = virtnet_rq_get_buf(rq, &len, &ctx);
 		if (unlikely(!buf)) {
diff --git a/drivers/net/vmxnet3/vmxnet3_xdp.c b/drivers/net/vmxnet3/vmxnet3_xdp.c
index 5f470499e6002..9d1da8809501a 100644
--- a/drivers/net/vmxnet3/vmxnet3_xdp.c
+++ b/drivers/net/vmxnet3/vmxnet3_xdp.c
@@ -325,7 +325,6 @@ vmxnet3_build_skb(struct vmxnet3_rx_queue *rq, struct page *page,
 	/* bpf prog might change len and data position. */
 	skb_reserve(skb, xdp->data - xdp->data_hard_start);
 	skb_put(skb, xdp->data_end - xdp->data);
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 
 	return skb;
 }
diff --git a/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/dma.c b/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/dma.c
index a67880a9281c5..2ba62421c5ae0 100644
--- a/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/dma.c
+++ b/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/dma.c
@@ -1075,7 +1075,6 @@ mt76_dma_rx_process(struct mt76_dev *dev, struct mt76_queue *q, int budget)
 			goto free_frag;
 
 		skb_reserve(skb, q->buf_offset);
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 
 		*(u32 *)skb->cb = info;
 
diff --git a/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/mt7996/mac.c b/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/mt7996/mac.c
index f36da545045b8..7a3fccc74dcce 100644
--- a/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/mt7996/mac.c
+++ b/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/mt7996/mac.c
@@ -2041,7 +2041,6 @@ void mt7996_rro_rx_process(struct mt76_dev *mdev, void *data)
 				goto next_page;
 
 			skb_reserve(skb, q->buf_offset);
-			skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 			__skb_put(skb, len);
 
 			if (ind_reason == 1 || ind_reason == 2) {
diff --git a/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/npu.c b/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/npu.c
index c4c7c0af63217..2e018d7116f33 100644
--- a/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/npu.c
+++ b/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/npu.c
@@ -91,7 +91,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *mt76_npu_dequeue(struct mt76_dev *dev,
 
 			__skb_put(skb, len);
 			skb_reset_mac_header(skb);
-			skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 		} else {
 			struct skb_shared_info *shinfo = skb_shinfo(skb);
 			struct page *page = virt_to_head_page(e->buf);
diff --git a/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/usb.c b/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/usb.c
index be48a88a3ad02..f91f773ddcd68 100644
--- a/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/usb.c
+++ b/drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/usb.c
@@ -563,7 +563,6 @@ mt76u_process_rx_entry(struct mt76_dev *dev, struct urb *urb,
 		nsgs++;
 	}
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	dev->drv->rx_skb(dev, MT_RXQ_MAIN, skb, NULL);
 
 	return nsgs;
diff --git a/drivers/net/xen-netfront.c b/drivers/net/xen-netfront.c
index fdcb91042f290..82bef245d6d25 100644
--- a/drivers/net/xen-netfront.c
+++ b/drivers/net/xen-netfront.c
@@ -286,7 +286,6 @@ static struct sk_buff *xennet_alloc_one_rx_buffer(struct netfront_queue *queue)
 		return NULL;
 	}
 	skb_add_rx_frag(skb, 0, page, 0, 0, PAGE_SIZE);
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 
 	/* Align ip header to a 16 bytes boundary */
 	skb_reserve(skb, NET_IP_ALIGN);
diff --git a/include/linux/skbuff.h b/include/linux/skbuff.h
index 4eaf4da1f7dad..3dc77734c80a3 100644
--- a/include/linux/skbuff.h
+++ b/include/linux/skbuff.h
@@ -5473,11 +5473,6 @@ static inline struct kcov_common_handle_id skb_get_kcov_handle(struct sk_buff *s
 	return skb->kcov_handle;
 }
 
-/* Deprecated: page_pool recycling is now determined per netmem. */
-static inline void skb_mark_for_recycle(struct sk_buff *skb)
-{
-}
-
 ssize_t skb_splice_from_iter(struct sk_buff *skb, struct iov_iter *iter,
 			     ssize_t maxsize);
 
diff --git a/include/net/page_pool/helpers.h b/include/net/page_pool/helpers.h
index fdbb1a4fe11f5..ff005fbace84d 100644
--- a/include/net/page_pool/helpers.h
+++ b/include/net/page_pool/helpers.h
@@ -42,8 +42,7 @@
  * The API keeps track of in-flight pages, in order to let API users know when
  * it is safe to free a page_pool object, the API users must call
  * page_pool_put_page() or page_pool_free_va() to free the page_pool object, or
- * attach the page_pool object to a page_pool-aware object like skbs marked with
- * skb_mark_for_recycle().
+ * attach the page_pool object to a page_pool-aware object like an skb.
  *
  * page_pool_put_page() may be called multiple times on the same page if a page
  * is split into multiple fragments. For the last fragment, it will either
@@ -260,7 +259,7 @@ static inline void page_pool_fragment_netmem(netmem_ref netmem, long nr)
  * pp_ref_count represents the number of outstanding references to the page,
  * which will be freed using page_pool APIs (rather than page allocator APIs
  * like put_page()). Such references are usually held by page_pool-aware
- * objects like skbs marked for page pool recycling.
+ * objects like skbs.
  *
  * This helper allows the caller to take (set) multiple references to a
  * freshly allocated page. The page must be freshly allocated (have a
diff --git a/net/core/skbuff.c b/net/core/skbuff.c
index a695c3f64dfd9..6519380c713df 100644
--- a/net/core/skbuff.c
+++ b/net/core/skbuff.c
@@ -967,7 +967,6 @@ int skb_pp_cow_data(struct page_pool *pool, struct sk_buff **pskb,
 
 	skb_reserve(nskb, headroom);
 	skb_copy_header(nskb, skb);
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(nskb);
 
 	err = skb_copy_bits(skb, 0, nskb->data, size);
 	if (err) {
diff --git a/net/core/xdp.c b/net/core/xdp.c
index 6f2b9191af9ec..513a51484ecd1 100644
--- a/net/core/xdp.c
+++ b/net/core/xdp.c
@@ -625,8 +625,8 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(xdp_warn);
  *
  * Perform common operations to create a new skb to pass up the stack from
  * &xdp_buff: allocate an skb head from the NAPI percpu cache, initialize
- * skb data pointers and offsets, set the recycle bit if the buff is
- * PP-backed, Rx queue index, protocol and update frags info.
+ * skb data pointers and offsets, Rx queue index, protocol and update frags
+ * info.
  *
  * Return: new &sk_buff on success, %NULL on error.
  */
@@ -654,9 +654,6 @@ struct sk_buff *xdp_build_skb_from_buff(const struct xdp_buff *xdp)
 	if (metalen > 0)
 		skb_metadata_set(skb, metalen);
 
-	if (rxq->mem.type == MEM_TYPE_PAGE_POOL)
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 	skb_record_rx_queue(skb, rxq->queue_index);
 
 	if (unlikely(nr_frags)) {
@@ -761,7 +758,6 @@ struct sk_buff *xdp_build_skb_from_zc(struct xdp_buff *xdp)
 		goto out;
 	}
 
-	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
 	skb_reserve(skb, xdp->data_meta - xdp->data_hard_start);
 
 	memcpy(__skb_put(skb, len), xdp->data_meta, LARGEST_ALIGN(len));
@@ -836,9 +832,6 @@ struct sk_buff *__xdp_build_skb_from_frame(struct xdp_frame *xdpf,
 	 * - RX ring dev queue index	(skb_record_rx_queue)
 	 */
 
-	if (xdpf->mem_type == MEM_TYPE_PAGE_POOL)
-		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
-
 	/* Allow SKB to reuse area used by xdp_frame */
 	xdp_scrub_frame(xdpf);
 
-- 
2.56.0.455.g6c5a503b38-goog