* [PATCH v2] ALSA: pcm: Serialize and check HW_REFINE ioctls
@ 2026-10-14 10:52 Cen Zhang
2026-10-14 12:55 ` Takashi Iwai
0 siblings, 1 reply; 2+ messages in thread
From: Cen Zhang @ 2026-10-14 10:52 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: perex, tiwai, cassiogabrielcontato, kees, phucduc.bui,
cezary.rojewski, zzzccc427, yilinzhang
Cc: linux-sound, linux-kernel, baijiaju1990, jjzuming, tiwai
Hardware refinement must reject disconnected streams before entering
their runtime constraint rules. The native ioctl checks the state at
the outer dispatch, before copying the parameters, while the compat
HW_REFINE32 path only checks that the runtime exists. Both call the
unlocked refinement helper without the buffer access lock used by
HW_PARAMS.
The BUFFER_BYTES rule keeps a substream pointer as its private payload.
A compat request can still enter that rule after component disconnect.
If component free overlaps its execution, the following order permits
a use-after-free read of buffer_bytes_max:
Component cleanup Compat HW_REFINE
----------------- ----------------
snd_pcm_dev_disconnect()
Runtime -> DISCONNECTED
Enter compat ioctl
snd_pcm_hw_refine()
Enter BUFFER_BYTES rule
snd_device_free()
snd_pcm_free_stream()
Free substream
Read buffer_bytes_max
Add a wrapper that acquires the existing buffer access lock and checks
the same allowed states and mmap conditions as HW_PARAMS before running
the refinement rules. Share the state checker with snd_pcm_hw_params()
and use the wrapper for native, compat and legacy PCM HW_REFINE ioctls.
This rejects the described entry after disconnect and serializes these
refinement calls with other buffer-locked parameter operations.
Keep the original snd_pcm_hw_refine() helper for existing internal
callers, including snd_pcm_hw_params() which already holds the buffer
lock, to avoid locking that mutex recursively.
KASAN report as below:
BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in snd_pcm_hw_rule_buffer_bytes_max+0x276/0x2a0
Read of size 8 at addr ffff888111b36870 by task pmbd_alsa_reade/486
CPU: 2 UID: 0 PID: 486 Comm: pmbd_alsa_reade Tainted: G O 7.2.0-rc6-pmb-bt-functional-v1+ #1 PREEMPT(lazy)
Tainted: [O]=OOT_MODULE
Hardware name: QEMU Ubuntu 24.04 PC v2 (i440FX + PIIX, arch_caps fix, 1996), BIOS 1.16.3-debian-1.16.3-2 04/01/2014
Call Trace:
<TASK>
dump_stack_lvl+0x93/0xd0
print_report+0xce/0x630
? snd_pcm_hw_rule_buffer_bytes_max+0x276/0x2a0
? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5
? __virt_addr_valid+0x20d/0x410
? snd_pcm_hw_rule_buffer_bytes_max+0x276/0x2a0
kasan_report+0xe0/0x110
? snd_pcm_hw_rule_buffer_bytes_max+0x276/0x2a0
snd_pcm_hw_rule_buffer_bytes_max+0x276/0x2a0
? snd_pcm_hw_rule_div+0x16b/0x200
? __pfx_snd_pcm_hw_rule_buffer_bytes_max+0x10/0x10
? constrain_params_by_rules+0x17a/0xfe0
constrain_params_by_rules+0x506/0xfe0
? __pfx_constrain_params_by_rules+0x10/0x10
? __ia32_compat_sys_ioctl+0x289/0x2f0
? do_int80_emulation+0x14a/0x5e0
? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5
? lock_release+0xc8/0x280
? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5
? snd_interval_refine+0x284/0x470
snd_pcm_hw_refine+0x768/0xcc0
? __pfx_snd_pcm_hw_refine+0x10/0x10
? _copy_from_user+0x51/0xa0
snd_pcm_ioctl_hw_params_compat+0x138/0x280
snd_pcm_ioctl_compat+0x4c5/0x7c0
? __pfx_snd_pcm_ioctl_compat+0x10/0x10
? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5
? selinux_file_ioctl+0xaa/0x280
? ksys_write+0x16b/0x200
? __pfx_snd_pcm_ioctl_compat+0x10/0x10
__ia32_compat_sys_ioctl+0x289/0x2f0
? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5
do_int80_emulation+0x14a/0x5e0
asm_int80_emulation+0x1a/0x20
RIP: 0023:0x8049084
Code: 80 b8 04 00 00 00 bb 01 00 00 00 b9 43 a0 04 08 ba 2b 00 00 00 cd 80 b8 36 00 00 00 89 f3 b9 10 41 5c c2 ba b8 b0 04 08 cd 80 <85> c0 78 6c b8 04 00 00 00 bb 01 00 00 00 b9 27 a0 04 08 ba 1c 00
RSP: 002b:00000000ffd35e40 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000036
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000003 RCX: 00000000c25c4110
RDX: 000000000804b0b8 RSI: 0000000000000003 RDI: 0000000000000004
RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: 0000000000000000
R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000
</TASK>
Allocated by task 486:
kasan_save_stack+0x33/0x60
kasan_save_track+0x14/0x30
__kasan_kmalloc+0xaa/0xb0
__kmalloc_cache_noprof+0x251/0x610
snd_pcm_new_stream+0x98f/0x1350
_snd_pcm_new+0x1d1/0x310
snd_pcm_new+0x43/0x60
0xffffffffc0401115
do_one_initcall+0xf3/0x4e0
do_init_module+0x281/0x8e0
load_module+0x658c/0x7cc0
init_module_from_file+0x15b/0x180
idempotent_init_module+0x22d/0x770
__x64_sys_finit_module+0xd2/0x160
do_syscall_64+0x115/0x6a0
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
Freed by task 494:
kasan_save_stack+0x33/0x60
kasan_save_track+0x14/0x30
kasan_save_free_info+0x3b/0x60
__kasan_slab_free+0x5f/0x80
kfree+0x307/0x580
snd_pcm_free_stream+0xcf/0x290
snd_pcm_free+0xb1/0xf0
__snd_device_free+0x1a1/0x490
snd_device_free+0xcf/0x190
case_owner_ioctl+0xb8/0x160 [pmbd_alsa_fixture]
__x64_sys_ioctl+0x163/0x1d0
do_syscall_64+0x115/0x6a0
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff888111b36800
which belongs to the cache kmalloc-1k of size 1024
The buggy address is located 112 bytes inside of
freed 1024-byte region [ffff888111b36800, ffff888111b36c00)
The buggy address belongs to the physical page:
page: refcount:0 mapcount:0 mapping:0000000000000000 index:0xffff888111b35800 pfn:0x111b30
head: order:3 mapcount:0 entire_mapcount:0 nr_pages_mapped:0 pincount:0
flags: 0x200000000000240(workingset|head|node=0|zone=2)
page_type: f5(slab)
raw: 0200000000000240 ffff888100042dc0 ffffea0004218610 ffffea00042c6810
raw: ffff888111b35800 000000000010000f 00000000f5000000 0000000000000000
head: 0200000000000240 ffff888100042dc0 ffffea0004218610 ffffea00042c6810
head: ffff888111b35800 000000000010000f 00000000f5000000 0000000000000000
head: 0200000000000003 fffffffffffffe01 00000000ffffffff 00000000ffffffff
head: 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 00000000ffffffff 0000000000000000
page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected
Memory state around the buggy address:
ffff888111b36700: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
ffff888111b36780: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
>ffff888111b36800: fa fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
^
ffff888111b36880: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
ffff888111b36900: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
==================================================================
Suggested-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Cen Zhang <zzzccc427@gmail.com>
Assisted-by: LLM
---
Changes in v2:
- Use the buffer-lock and state-check wrapper for all three PCM HW_REFINE
ioctl paths, as Takashi suggested.
- Share the HW_PARAMS state check and keep the original helper for existing
locked callers.
Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/r/pm-pmb-b3f7b3445bb11aaa9a7b-v2-a514c1399f30f407d626@gmail.com
diff --git a/sound/core/pcm_compat.c b/sound/core/pcm_compat.c
index 55ecf87586c4ddc553a82997ddaf30a69ab6627a..e48f4b7b692f6e5da453c1072489a81e7104050c 100644
--- a/sound/core/pcm_compat.c
+++ b/sound/core/pcm_compat.c
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ static int snd_pcm_ioctl_hw_params_compat(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
return -EFAULT;
if (refine) {
- err = snd_pcm_hw_refine(substream, data);
+ err = snd_pcm_hw_refine_with_lock(substream, data);
if (err < 0)
return err;
err = fixup_unreferenced_params(substream, data);
diff --git a/sound/core/pcm_native.c b/sound/core/pcm_native.c
index defbb2977efe9dcd8d48b934c3944d3fe159bcd6..20d5c7c7f56364a7d469559a9497e13a2aae9703 100644
--- a/sound/core/pcm_native.c
+++ b/sound/core/pcm_native.c
@@ -580,29 +580,6 @@ int snd_pcm_hw_refine(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(snd_pcm_hw_refine);
-static int snd_pcm_hw_refine_user(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
- struct snd_pcm_hw_params __user * _params)
-{
- int err;
- struct snd_pcm_hw_params *params __free(kfree) =
- memdup_user(_params, sizeof(*params));
-
- if (IS_ERR(params))
- return PTR_ERR(params);
-
- err = snd_pcm_hw_refine(substream, params);
- if (err < 0)
- return err;
-
- err = fixup_unreferenced_params(substream, params);
- if (err < 0)
- return err;
-
- if (copy_to_user(_params, params, sizeof(*params)))
- return -EFAULT;
- return 0;
-}
-
static int period_to_usecs(struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime)
{
int usecs;
@@ -799,6 +776,22 @@ static void pcm_qos_req_update(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int usecs)
usecs);
}
+static int hw_params_state_check(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream)
+{
+ guard(pcm_stream_lock_irq)(substream);
+ switch (substream->runtime->state) {
+ case SNDRV_PCM_STATE_OPEN:
+ case SNDRV_PCM_STATE_SETUP:
+ case SNDRV_PCM_STATE_PREPARED:
+ if (!is_oss_stream(substream) &&
+ atomic_read(&substream->mmap_count))
+ return -EBADFD;
+ return 0;
+ default:
+ return -EBADFD;
+ }
+}
+
static int snd_pcm_hw_params(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
struct snd_pcm_hw_params *params)
{
@@ -813,20 +806,7 @@ static int snd_pcm_hw_params(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
err = snd_pcm_buffer_access_lock(runtime);
if (err < 0)
return err;
- scoped_guard(pcm_stream_lock_irq, substream) {
- switch (runtime->state) {
- case SNDRV_PCM_STATE_OPEN:
- case SNDRV_PCM_STATE_SETUP:
- case SNDRV_PCM_STATE_PREPARED:
- if (!is_oss_stream(substream) &&
- atomic_read(&substream->mmap_count))
- err = -EBADFD;
- break;
- default:
- err = -EBADFD;
- break;
- }
- }
+ err = hw_params_state_check(substream);
if (err)
goto unlock;
@@ -947,6 +927,57 @@ static int snd_pcm_hw_params_user(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
return err;
}
+/*
+ * call snd_pcm_hw_refine() after buffer lock and sanity check;
+ * this one should be used for ioctls and other external paths instead of
+ * direct call of snd_pcm_hw_refine()
+ */
+static int snd_pcm_hw_refine_with_lock(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+ struct snd_pcm_hw_params *params)
+{
+ struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime;
+ int err;
+
+ if (PCM_RUNTIME_CHECK(substream))
+ return -ENXIO;
+ runtime = substream->runtime;
+ err = snd_pcm_buffer_access_lock(runtime);
+ if (err < 0)
+ return err;
+ err = hw_params_state_check(substream);
+ if (err)
+ goto unlock;
+
+ err = snd_pcm_hw_refine(substream, params);
+
+ unlock:
+ snd_pcm_buffer_access_unlock(runtime);
+ return err;
+}
+
+static int snd_pcm_hw_refine_user(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+ struct snd_pcm_hw_params __user * _params)
+{
+ int err;
+ struct snd_pcm_hw_params *params __free(kfree) =
+ memdup_user(_params, sizeof(*params));
+
+ if (IS_ERR(params))
+ return PTR_ERR(params);
+
+ err = snd_pcm_hw_refine_with_lock(substream, params);
+ if (err < 0)
+ return err;
+
+ err = fixup_unreferenced_params(substream, params);
+ if (err < 0)
+ return err;
+
+ if (copy_to_user(_params, params, sizeof(*params)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ return 0;
+}
+
static int do_hw_free(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream)
{
int result = 0;
@@ -4203,7 +4234,7 @@ static int snd_pcm_hw_refine_old_user(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
if (IS_ERR(oparams))
return PTR_ERR(oparams);
snd_pcm_hw_convert_from_old_params(params, oparams);
- err = snd_pcm_hw_refine(substream, params);
+ err = snd_pcm_hw_refine_with_lock(substream, params);
if (err < 0)
return err;
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 2+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v2] ALSA: pcm: Serialize and check HW_REFINE ioctls
2026-10-14 10:52 [PATCH v2] ALSA: pcm: Serialize and check HW_REFINE ioctls Cen Zhang
@ 2026-10-14 12:55 ` Takashi Iwai
0 siblings, 0 replies; 2+ messages in thread
From: Takashi Iwai @ 2026-10-14 12:55 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Cen Zhang
Cc: perex, tiwai, cassiogabrielcontato, kees, phucduc.bui,
cezary.rojewski, yilinzhang, linux-sound, linux-kernel,
baijiaju1990, jjzuming, tiwai
On Wed, 14 Oct 2026 12:52:33 +0200,
Cen Zhang wrote:
>
> Hardware refinement must reject disconnected streams before entering
> their runtime constraint rules. The native ioctl checks the state at
> the outer dispatch, before copying the parameters, while the compat
> HW_REFINE32 path only checks that the runtime exists. Both call the
> unlocked refinement helper without the buffer access lock used by
> HW_PARAMS.
>
> The BUFFER_BYTES rule keeps a substream pointer as its private payload.
> A compat request can still enter that rule after component disconnect.
> If component free overlaps its execution, the following order permits
> a use-after-free read of buffer_bytes_max:
>
> Component cleanup Compat HW_REFINE
> ----------------- ----------------
> snd_pcm_dev_disconnect()
> Runtime -> DISCONNECTED
> Enter compat ioctl
> snd_pcm_hw_refine()
> Enter BUFFER_BYTES rule
> snd_device_free()
> snd_pcm_free_stream()
> Free substream
> Read buffer_bytes_max
>
> Add a wrapper that acquires the existing buffer access lock and checks
> the same allowed states and mmap conditions as HW_PARAMS before running
> the refinement rules. Share the state checker with snd_pcm_hw_params()
> and use the wrapper for native, compat and legacy PCM HW_REFINE ioctls.
> This rejects the described entry after disconnect and serializes these
> refinement calls with other buffer-locked parameter operations.
>
> Keep the original snd_pcm_hw_refine() helper for existing internal
> callers, including snd_pcm_hw_params() which already holds the buffer
> lock, to avoid locking that mutex recursively.
>
> KASAN report as below:
>
> BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in snd_pcm_hw_rule_buffer_bytes_max+0x276/0x2a0
> Read of size 8 at addr ffff888111b36870 by task pmbd_alsa_reade/486
>
> CPU: 2 UID: 0 PID: 486 Comm: pmbd_alsa_reade Tainted: G O 7.2.0-rc6-pmb-bt-functional-v1+ #1 PREEMPT(lazy)
> Tainted: [O]=OOT_MODULE
> Hardware name: QEMU Ubuntu 24.04 PC v2 (i440FX + PIIX, arch_caps fix, 1996), BIOS 1.16.3-debian-1.16.3-2 04/01/2014
> Call Trace:
> <TASK>
> dump_stack_lvl+0x93/0xd0
> print_report+0xce/0x630
> ? snd_pcm_hw_rule_buffer_bytes_max+0x276/0x2a0
> ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5
> ? __virt_addr_valid+0x20d/0x410
> ? snd_pcm_hw_rule_buffer_bytes_max+0x276/0x2a0
> kasan_report+0xe0/0x110
> ? snd_pcm_hw_rule_buffer_bytes_max+0x276/0x2a0
> snd_pcm_hw_rule_buffer_bytes_max+0x276/0x2a0
> ? snd_pcm_hw_rule_div+0x16b/0x200
> ? __pfx_snd_pcm_hw_rule_buffer_bytes_max+0x10/0x10
> ? constrain_params_by_rules+0x17a/0xfe0
> constrain_params_by_rules+0x506/0xfe0
> ? __pfx_constrain_params_by_rules+0x10/0x10
> ? __ia32_compat_sys_ioctl+0x289/0x2f0
> ? do_int80_emulation+0x14a/0x5e0
> ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5
> ? lock_release+0xc8/0x280
> ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5
> ? snd_interval_refine+0x284/0x470
> snd_pcm_hw_refine+0x768/0xcc0
> ? __pfx_snd_pcm_hw_refine+0x10/0x10
> ? _copy_from_user+0x51/0xa0
> snd_pcm_ioctl_hw_params_compat+0x138/0x280
> snd_pcm_ioctl_compat+0x4c5/0x7c0
> ? __pfx_snd_pcm_ioctl_compat+0x10/0x10
> ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5
> ? selinux_file_ioctl+0xaa/0x280
> ? ksys_write+0x16b/0x200
> ? __pfx_snd_pcm_ioctl_compat+0x10/0x10
> __ia32_compat_sys_ioctl+0x289/0x2f0
> ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5
> do_int80_emulation+0x14a/0x5e0
> asm_int80_emulation+0x1a/0x20
> RIP: 0023:0x8049084
> Code: 80 b8 04 00 00 00 bb 01 00 00 00 b9 43 a0 04 08 ba 2b 00 00 00 cd 80 b8 36 00 00 00 89 f3 b9 10 41 5c c2 ba b8 b0 04 08 cd 80 <85> c0 78 6c b8 04 00 00 00 bb 01 00 00 00 b9 27 a0 04 08 ba 1c 00
> RSP: 002b:00000000ffd35e40 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000036
> RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000003 RCX: 00000000c25c4110
> RDX: 000000000804b0b8 RSI: 0000000000000003 RDI: 0000000000000004
> RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
> R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: 0000000000000000
> R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000
> </TASK>
>
> Allocated by task 486:
> kasan_save_stack+0x33/0x60
> kasan_save_track+0x14/0x30
> __kasan_kmalloc+0xaa/0xb0
> __kmalloc_cache_noprof+0x251/0x610
> snd_pcm_new_stream+0x98f/0x1350
> _snd_pcm_new+0x1d1/0x310
> snd_pcm_new+0x43/0x60
> 0xffffffffc0401115
> do_one_initcall+0xf3/0x4e0
> do_init_module+0x281/0x8e0
> load_module+0x658c/0x7cc0
> init_module_from_file+0x15b/0x180
> idempotent_init_module+0x22d/0x770
> __x64_sys_finit_module+0xd2/0x160
> do_syscall_64+0x115/0x6a0
> entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
>
> Freed by task 494:
> kasan_save_stack+0x33/0x60
> kasan_save_track+0x14/0x30
> kasan_save_free_info+0x3b/0x60
> __kasan_slab_free+0x5f/0x80
> kfree+0x307/0x580
> snd_pcm_free_stream+0xcf/0x290
> snd_pcm_free+0xb1/0xf0
> __snd_device_free+0x1a1/0x490
> snd_device_free+0xcf/0x190
> case_owner_ioctl+0xb8/0x160 [pmbd_alsa_fixture]
> __x64_sys_ioctl+0x163/0x1d0
> do_syscall_64+0x115/0x6a0
> entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
>
> The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff888111b36800
> which belongs to the cache kmalloc-1k of size 1024
> The buggy address is located 112 bytes inside of
> freed 1024-byte region [ffff888111b36800, ffff888111b36c00)
>
> The buggy address belongs to the physical page:
> page: refcount:0 mapcount:0 mapping:0000000000000000 index:0xffff888111b35800 pfn:0x111b30
> head: order:3 mapcount:0 entire_mapcount:0 nr_pages_mapped:0 pincount:0
> flags: 0x200000000000240(workingset|head|node=0|zone=2)
> page_type: f5(slab)
> raw: 0200000000000240 ffff888100042dc0 ffffea0004218610 ffffea00042c6810
> raw: ffff888111b35800 000000000010000f 00000000f5000000 0000000000000000
> head: 0200000000000240 ffff888100042dc0 ffffea0004218610 ffffea00042c6810
> head: ffff888111b35800 000000000010000f 00000000f5000000 0000000000000000
> head: 0200000000000003 fffffffffffffe01 00000000ffffffff 00000000ffffffff
> head: 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 00000000ffffffff 0000000000000000
> page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected
>
> Memory state around the buggy address:
> ffff888111b36700: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
> ffff888111b36780: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
> >ffff888111b36800: fa fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
> ^
> ffff888111b36880: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
> ffff888111b36900: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
> ==================================================================
>
> Suggested-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
> Signed-off-by: Cen Zhang <zzzccc427@gmail.com>
> Assisted-by: LLM
Applied to for-next branch now. Thanks.
Takashi
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 2+ messages in thread
end of thread, other threads:[~2026-10-14 12:55 UTC | newest]
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2026-10-14 12:55 ` Takashi Iwai
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