[PATCH] ieee802154: 6lowpan: validate fragment offset against datagram size

[PATCH] ieee802154: 6lowpan: validate fragment offset against datagram size

[Ryan Prinz]

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A 6LoWPAN fragment announces the total size of the datagram it belongs
to (d_size) and its own offset within that datagram. The reassembly
code never checks that the offset actually fits inside d_size, so a
fragment claiming to start far past the end of the datagram is
accepted the same as a legitimate one, allowing an attacker to forge
data of another sender.

lowpan_frag_queue() considers a datagram complete by counting bytes
received (fq->q.meat) against the declared size (fq->q.len), not by
verifying the bytes form a contiguous range. A fragment with an
out-of-range offset still has its length counted toward that total, so
a legitimate fragment exchange plus an attacker fragment can sum to
d_size, marking the datagram complete while a gap in the data was
never filled, and appending the out-of-range fragment's bytes to the
end of the reassembled buffer as if they were part of the message.

IPv6's reassembly (net/ipv6/reassembly.c, ip6_frag_queue()) computes
end = of
fset + payload length for every fragment and checks end
against IPV6_MAXPLEN, which bounds offset by construction. 6LoWPAN's
d_offset and d_size are independent wire fields with no such coupling,
and no separate bounds check was added for it.

The same class of bug was assigned CVE-2019-8359 (CVSS 9.8) in
Contiki-NG's 6LoWPAN stack before a 2019 fix; RIOT-OS's implementation
(gnrc_sixlowpan_frag_rb_add) rejects a fragment once offset + size
exceeds the reassembly buffer's datagram_size. Linux's 6LoWPAN
reassembly is the only one of these implementations without an
equivalent check.

Fix by rejecting any fragment whose offset, or offset plus length,
falls outside [0, d_size).

Fixes: 7240cdec60b1 ("6lowpan: handling 6lowpan fragmentation via inet_frag api")
Signed-off-by: Ryan Prinz <rc4d5a@protonmail.com>
---
Reproduced two ways: with a local kernel module calling
lowpan_frag_rcv() directly, and over mac802154_hwsim with three
independent processes standing in for s
ender, receiver and attacker.
An attacker in radio range who observes one fragment of an
in-progress transmission reads d_tag, d_size and the addressing in the
clear, then sends a single out-of-range fragment of its own. The
receiver's reassembly completes with the attacker's bytes appended to
the legitimate data. Both reproducers were re-run against this fix to
confirm the out-of-range fragment is now rejected and the datagram no
longer completes with it included.

AI Disclosure: An AI assistant (Claude) was used to assist with the
analysis and testing. I have verified the vulnerability, the fix, and
the test results myself and take responsibility for this contribution,
per Documentation/process/coding-assistants.rst.

 net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c b/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c
index ddb6a5817d09..905ba5f86844 100644
--- a/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c
++
+ b/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c
@@ -103,6 +103,9 @@ static int lowpan_frag_queue(struct lowpan_frag_queue *fq,
 	offset = lowpan_802154_cb(skb)->d_offset << 3;
 	end = lowpan_802154_cb(skb)->d_size;

+	if (offset > end || skb->len > end - offset)
+		goto err;
+
 	/* Is this the final fragment? */
 	if (offset + skb->len == end) {
 		/* If we already have some bits beyond end
--
2.51.2

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[PATCH RESEND] ieee802154: 6lowpan: validate fragment offset against datagram size

[Ryan Prinz]

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A 6LoWPAN fragment announces the total size of the datagram it belongs
to (d_size) and its own offset within that datagram. The reassembly
code never checks that the offset actually fits inside d_size, so a
fragment claiming to start far past the end of the datagram is
accepted the same as a legitimate one, allowing an attacker to forge
data of another sender.

lowpan_frag_queue() considers a datagram complete by counting bytes
received (fq->q.meat) against the declared size (fq->q.len), not by
verifying the bytes form a contiguous range. A fragment with an
out-of-range offset still has its length counted toward that total, so
a legitimate fragment exchange plus an attacker fragment can sum to
d_size, marking the datagram complete while a gap in the data was
never filled, and appending the out-of-range fragment's bytes to the
end of the reassembled buffer as if they were part of the message.

IPv6's reassembly (net/ipv6/reassembly.c, ip6_frag_queue()) computes
end = of
fset + payload length for every fragment and checks end
against IPV6_MAXPLEN, which bounds offset by construction. 6LoWPAN's
d_offset and d_size are independent wire fields with no such coupling,
and no separate bounds check was added for it.

The same class of bug was assigned CVE-2019-8359 (CVSS 9.8) in
Contiki-NG's 6LoWPAN stack before a 2019 fix; RIOT-OS's implementation
(gnrc_sixlowpan_frag_rb_add) rejects a fragment once offset + size
exceeds the reassembly buffer's datagram_size. Linux's 6LoWPAN
reassembly is the only one of these implementations without an
equivalent check.

Fix by rejecting any fragment whose offset, or offset plus length,
falls outside [0, d_size).

Reproduced two ways: with a local kernel module calling
lowpan_frag_rcv() directly, and over mac802154_hwsim with three
independent processes standing in for sender, receiver and attacker.
An attacker in radio range who observes one fragment of an
in-progress transmission reads d_tag, d_size and
 the addressing in the
clear, then sends a single out-of-range fragment of its own. The
receiver's reassembly completes with the attacker's bytes appended to
the legitimate data. Both reproducers were re-run against this fix to
confirm the out-of-range fragment is now rejected and the datagram no
longer completes with it included.

AI Disclosure: An AI assistant (Claude) was used to assist with the
analysis and testing. I have verified the vulnerability, the fix, and
the test results myself and take responsibility for this contribution,
per Documentation/process/coding-assistants.rst.

Fixes: 7240cdec60b1 ("6lowpan: handling 6lowpan fragmentation via inet_frag api")
Signed-off-by: Ryan Prinz <rc4d5a@protonmail.com>
---
Resending to fix a diff formatting issue in my previous mail.

 net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c b/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c
index ddb6a5817d09..9
05ba5f86844 100644
--- a/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c
+++ b/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c
@@ -103,6 +103,9 @@ static int lowpan_frag_queue(struct lowpan_frag_queue *fq,
 	offset = lowpan_802154_cb(skb)->d_offset << 3;
 	end = lowpan_802154_cb(skb)->d_size;
 
+	if (offset > end || skb->len > end - offset)
+		goto err;
+
 	/* Is this the final fragment? */
 	if (offset + skb->len == end) {
 		/* If we already have some bits beyond end
-- 
2.51.2

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[PATCH net RESEND] ieee802154: 6lowpan: validate fragment offset against datagram size

[Ryan Prinz]

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A 6LoWPAN fragment announces the total size of the datagram it belongs
to (d_size) and its own offset within that datagram. The reassembly
code never checks that the offset actually fits inside d_size, so a
fragment claiming to start far past the end of the datagram is
accepted the same as a legitimate one, allowing an attacker to forge
data of another sender.

lowpan_frag_queue() considers a datagram complete by counting bytes
received (fq->q.meat) against the declared size (fq->q.len), not by
verifying the bytes form a contiguous range. A fragment with an
out-of-range offset still has its length counted toward that total, so
a legitimate fragment exchange plus an attacker fragment can sum to
d_size, marking the datagram complete while a gap in the data was
never filled, and appending the out-of-range fragment's bytes to the
end of the reassembled buffer as if they were part of the message.

IPv6's reassembly (net/ipv6/reassembly.c, ip6_frag_queue()) computes
end = of
fset + payload length for every fragment and checks end
against IPV6_MAXPLEN, which bounds offset by construction. 6LoWPAN's
d_offset and d_size are independent wire fields with no such coupling,
and no separate bounds check was added for it.

The same class of bug was assigned CVE-2019-8359 (CVSS 9.8) in
Contiki-NG's 6LoWPAN stack before a 2019 fix; RIOT-OS's implementation
(gnrc_sixlowpan_frag_rb_add) rejects a fragment once offset + size
exceeds the reassembly buffer's datagram_size. Linux's 6LoWPAN
reassembly is the only one of these implementations without an
equivalent check.

Fix by rejecting any fragment whose offset, or offset plus length,
falls outside [0, d_size).

Reproduced two ways: with a local kernel module calling
lowpan_frag_rcv() directly, and over mac802154_hwsim with three
independent processes standing in for sender, receiver and attacker.
An attacker in radio range who observes one fragment of an
in-progress transmission reads d_tag, d_size and
 the addressing in the
clear, then sends a single out-of-range fragment of its own. The
receiver's reassembly completes with the attacker's bytes appended to
the legitimate data. Both reproducers were re-run against this fix to
confirm the out-of-range fragment is now rejected and the datagram no
longer completes with it included.

AI Disclosure: An AI assistant (Claude) was used to assist with the
analysis and testing. I have verified the vulnerability, the fix, and
the test results myself and take responsibility for this contribution,
per Documentation/process/coding-assistants.rst.

Fixes: 7240cdec60b1 ("6lowpan: handling 6lowpan fragmentation via inet_frag api")
Signed-off-by: Ryan Prinz <rc4d5a@protonmail.com>
---
Resending with correct tree designator in the subject

 net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c b/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c
index ddb6a5817d09..905ba5f86
844 100644
--- a/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c
+++ b/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c
@@ -103,6 +103,9 @@ static int lowpan_frag_queue(struct lowpan_frag_queue *fq,
 	offset = lowpan_802154_cb(skb)->d_offset << 3;
 	end = lowpan_802154_cb(skb)->d_size;
 
+	if (offset > end || skb->len > end - offset)
+		goto err;
+
 	/* Is this the final fragment? */
 	if (offset + skb->len == end) {
 		/* If we already have some bits beyond end
-- 
2.51.2

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[PATCH net RESEND] ieee802154: 6lowpan: validate fragment offset against datagram size

[Ryan Prinz]

A 6LoWPAN fragment announces the total size of the datagram it belongs
to (d_size) and its own offset within that datagram. The reassembly
code never checks that the offset actually fits inside d_size, so a
fragment claiming to start far past the end of the datagram is
accepted the same as a legitimate one, allowing an attacker to forge
data of another sender.

lowpan_frag_queue() considers a datagram complete by counting bytes
received (fq->q.meat) against the declared size (fq->q.len), not by
verifying the bytes form a contiguous range. A fragment with an
out-of-range offset still has its length counted toward that total, so
a legitimate fragment exchange plus an attacker fragment can sum to
d_size, marking the datagram complete while a gap in the data was
never filled, and appending the out-of-range fragment's bytes to the
end of the reassembled buffer as if they were part of the message.

IPv6's reassembly (net/ipv6/reassembly.c, ip6_frag_queue()) computes
end = offset + payload length for every fragment and checks end
against IPV6_MAXPLEN, which bounds offset by construction. 6LoWPAN's
d_offset and d_size are independent wire fields with no such coupling,
and no separate bounds check was added for it.

The same class of bug was assigned CVE-2019-8359 (CVSS 9.8) in
Contiki-NG's 6LoWPAN stack before a 2019 fix; RIOT-OS's implementation
(gnrc_sixlowpan_frag_rb_add) rejects a fragment once offset + size
exceeds the reassembly buffer's datagram_size. Linux's 6LoWPAN
reassembly is the only one of these implementations without an
equivalent check.

Fix by rejecting any fragment whose offset, or offset plus length,
falls outside [0, d_size).

Reproduced two ways: with a local kernel module calling
lowpan_frag_rcv() directly, and over mac802154_hwsim with three
independent processes standing in for sender, receiver and attacker.
An attacker in radio range who observes one fragment of an
in-progress transmission reads d_tag, d_size and the addressing in the
clear, then sends a single out-of-range fragment of its own. The
receiver's reassembly completes with the attacker's bytes appended to
the legitimate data. Both reproducers were re-run against this fix to
confirm the out-of-range fragment is now rejected and the datagram no
longer completes with it included.

AI Disclosure: An AI assistant (Claude) was used to assist with the
analysis and testing. I have verified the vulnerability, the fix, and
the test results myself and take responsibility for this contribution,
per Documentation/process/coding-assistants.rst.

Fixes: 7240cdec60b1 ("6lowpan: handling 6lowpan fragmentation via inet_frag api")
Signed-off-by: Ryan Prinz <rc4d5a@protonmail.com>
---
Resending with correct tree designator in the subject

 net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c b/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c
index ddb6a5817d09..905ba5f86844 100644
--- a/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c
+++ b/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c
@@ -103,6 +103,9 @@ static int lowpan_frag_queue(struct lowpan_frag_queue *fq,
 	offset = lowpan_802154_cb(skb)->d_offset << 3;
 	end = lowpan_802154_cb(skb)->d_size;
 
+	if (offset > end || skb->len > end - offset)
+		goto err;
+
 	/* Is this the final fragment? */
 	if (offset + skb->len == end) {
 		/* If we already have some bits beyond end
-- 
2.51.2

Re: [PATCH net RESEND] ieee802154: 6lowpan: validate fragment offset against datagram size

[netdev-bot+sashiko]

Thank you for your contribution! Sashiko AI review found 1 potential
issue(s) to consider.

Critical: 0 · High: 0 · Medium: 1 · Low: 0

If you believe none of the issues are legitimate, please reply to each
issue of Medium severity or higher and explain why the AI is wrong.
If any of them are legitimate and you plan to respin, please let patchwork
know by including "pw-bot: cr" as a separate line at the end of your reply
(one such reply per series is enough).

- [Medium] The commit message overstates the security impact and
  misstates the check it adds.

--

ieee802154: 6lowpan: validate fragment offset against datagram size

This commit adds a bounds check to lowpan_frag_queue() that rejects a
6LoWPAN fragment when its offset, or its offset plus length, goes past
the declared datagram size (d_size). The commit message says this stops
an attacker from forging another sender's data. It also compares the
bug to CVE-2019-8359 in Contiki-NG.

> fragment claiming to start far past the end of the datagram is
> accepted the same as a legitimate one, allowing an attacker to forge
> data of another sender.

[ ... ]

> The same class of bug was assigned CVE-2019-8359 (CVSS 9.8) in
> Contiki-NG's 6LoWPAN stack before a 2019 fix; RIOT-OS's implementation

[ ... ]

> Fix by rejecting any fragment whose offset, or offset plus length,
> falls outside [0, d_size).

[ ... ]

> diff --git a/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c b/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c
> index ddb6a5817d098..905ba5f868442 100644
> --- a/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c
> +++ b/net/ieee802154/6lowpan/reassembly.c
> @@ -103,6 +103,9 @@ static int lowpan_frag_queue(struct lowpan_frag_queue *fq,
>  	offset = lowpan_802154_cb(skb)->d_offset << 3;
>  	end = lowpan_802154_cb(skb)->d_size;
>  
> +	if (offset > end || skb->len > end - offset)
> +		goto err;
> +

[Severity: Medium]
Does the commit message match what this check rejects and what it
protects against?

The check accepts offset + skb->len == end, which it has to for the
final fragment. It also accepts a zero-length FRAGN with offset ==
d_size. So the fragment end has a closed upper bound, not the
"[0, d_size)" range the message gives.

ip6_frag_queue() drops zero-length fragments:

	if (end == offset)
		goto discard_fq;

lowpan_frag_queue() still accepts them. They add nothing to fq->q.meat,
so they can't append any data.

About "allowing an attacker to forge data of another sender": the
message assumes the attacker can read d_tag, d_size and the addressing
in the clear. With that, can't the attacker still send an in-range
fragment at the next expected offset? For example, with d_size = 200:

  FRAG1 [0, 64)       legitimate, queued
  FRAGN [64, 136)     attacker, passes the new check
  FRAGN [64, 136)     legitimate, rejected as an overlap
  FRAGN [136, 200)    legitimate, completes the datagram

The attacker's fragment takes the append path in
inet_frag_queue_insert():

	else if (FRAG_CB(last)->ip_defrag_offset + last->len < end) {
		/* This is the common case: skb goes to the end. */
		/* Detect and discard overlaps. */
		if (offset < FRAG_CB(last)->ip_defrag_offset + last->len)
			return IPFRAG_OVERLAP;
		if (offset == FRAG_CB(last)->ip_defrag_offset + last->len)
			fragrun_append_to_last(q, skb);

The legitimate [64, 136) fragment then gets IPFRAG_OVERLAP and is freed
through goto err in lowpan_frag_queue(). The reassembled datagram ends
up holding the attacker's bytes.

Also, 802.15.4 has no source authentication without llsec, so an
attacker can just spoof a whole datagram. This bug doesn't really enable
forging another sender's data, and the patch doesn't prevent it.

About "The same class of bug was assigned CVE-2019-8359 (CVSS 9.8)": the
Contiki-NG bug was an out-of-bounds write into a fixed reassembly
buffer. Linux never copies payload to a computed offset.
inet_frag_reasm_finish() links the fragment skbs to the head:

				head->data_len += fp->len;
				head->len += fp->len;
				head->truesize += fp->truesize;

				*nextp = fp;

So before this patch, an out-of-range offset only changed the contents
of the reassembled payload. It never touched memory outside it. Could
the comparison and the 9.8 score come out of the message? They may
mislead stable and CVE triage.

The change itself looks like a reasonable integrity and robustness fix:
a reassembled datagram can no longer contain bytes past the declared
d_size. Could the message describe it that way, and give the fragment
end's upper bound as closed?

-- 
Sashiko AI review · https://netdev-ai.bots.linux.dev/sashiko/#/patchset/20261109090226.799973-1-rc4d5a%40protonmail.com