[PATCH bpf-next v7 0/4] bpf: arena: handle memory.max on fault-in with reclaim/OOM

[PATCH bpf-next v7 0/4] bpf: arena: handle memory.max on fault-in with reclaim/OOM

[Jiayuan Chen]

Since commit e66fe1bc6d25 ("bpf: arena: Reintroduce memcg accounting"),
arena pages are charged to the memcg of the process that created the arena.
That exposes a problem in the arena user page fault path: the fault-in
allocation runs under arena->spinlock, so it can only use the non-blocking
allocator, which never reclaims. Once memory.current is at memory.max the
allocation simply fails, even when the memcg is full of page cache that
could be dropped right away. Reaching memory.max is completely normal for a
healthy application - e.g. reading a large file fills memory.current with
page cache - and the process then gets SIGSEGV on a perfectly valid arena
address.

Preallocate the page outside the lock (patch 2), the way do_anonymous_page()
does, so the allocation can sleep and reclaim. It never invokes the OOM
killer: the page is charged to the map's memcg, which need not be the
faulting task's, so an OOM there could kill unrelated tasks in the map's
cgroup. On a genuine failure the fault returns VM_FAULT_SIGBUS. This needs a
sleepable allocator (patch 1), because bpf_map_alloc_pages() can use the
non-blocking allocator, which never reclaims. patch 3&4 adds a selftest that
fills a memcg with reclaimable page cache and faults an arena in under
memory.max: without the fix the child gets SIGSEGV on a valid address, with
it the fault-in reclaims and succeeds.


v4 -> v7:
   - Simplify the implementation: do not aim for OOM anymore. An arena is
     shared between processes and can be shared across cgroups, so the OOM
     killer is the wrong tool here - it would act on the map's memcg, which
     need not be the faulting task's. Only try to reclaim now, via
     __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL. Everything else is kept as before.
   - selftest: changed accordingly - fill the memcg with reclaimable page
     cache and check that the arena fault-in succeeds by reclaiming it,
     instead of relying on an OOM kill.

v3 -> v4:
   - rebase bpf-next and fix conflict
   - add Reviewed-by tag from Emil Tsalapatis

v2 -> v3:
   - selftest: check the memcg OOM via memory.events "oom_kill" instead of
     the exit signal; it only aims to pass on the fixed kernel, since the
     unfixed SIGSEGV is racy.

v1 -> v2:
   - Rebase on the separate deadlock fix (found by the Sashiko AI review),
     now applied to bpf-next.
   - Honor the map's NUMA node on fault-in.
   - Return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS for the non-recoverable faults (lock, range-tree
     and page-table failures); a scratch-page hole stays VM_FAULT_SIGSEGV
     only under BPF_F_SEGV_ON_FAULT. (Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi)
   - Add read_cgroup_file() to cgroup_helpers instead of open-coding the
     /mnt/... path in the test. (Emil Tsalapatis)
   - Dump the cgroup memory stats on test failure to ease debugging.

v4:
https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260821050250.35112-1-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev/T/#t
v2:
https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260805091720.139924-1-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev/
v1:
https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260727062521.376231-1-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev/

Jiayuan Chen (4):
  bpf: Add a sleepable page allocator for map memory
  bpf: arena: allocate the fault-in page outside the lock
  selftests/bpf: Add read_cgroup_file() to cgroup_helpers
  selftests/bpf: Add a test for arena fault-in under memory.max

 include/linux/bpf.h                           |   1 +
 kernel/bpf/arena.c                            |  86 ++++++--
 kernel/bpf/syscall.c                          |  28 ++-
 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/cgroup_helpers.c  |  67 ++++++
 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/cgroup_helpers.h  |   4 +
 .../selftests/bpf/prog_tests/arena_memcg.c    | 196 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../testing/selftests/bpf/progs/arena_memcg.c |  23 ++
 7 files changed, 381 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/arena_memcg.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/arena_memcg.c

-- 
2.43.0

[PATCH bpf-next v7 1/4] bpf: Add a sleepable page allocator for map memory

[Jiayuan Chen]

bpf_map_alloc_pages() can use a non-blocking allocator that never
reclaims. Add bpf_map_alloc_page_sleepable() which always uses the
blocking allocator, so the allocation can reclaim. It uses
__GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL so it never invokes the OOM killer: the page is
charged to the map's memcg, which need not be the caller's, so an OOM
there could kill unrelated tasks in the map's cgroup while a foreign
caller could never be its victim. The caller is responsible for a
context where blocking is safe; see the function comment.

Like the other bpf map allocators it places the page on the map's
numa_node and does not follow the faulting task's NUMA mempolicy; arena
memory is shared, so the map's node is the right placement policy. The
next patch uses it from the arena page fault handler.

Signed-off-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev>
Reviewed-by: Emil Tsalapatis <emil@etsalapatis.com>
---
To sashiko:
- The alloc_pages_nolock() fallback still zeroes: it forces __GFP_ZERO
  internally and only accepts __GFP_ACCOUNT.
- __GFP_ZERO is unchanged from the existing __bpf_alloc_page(), and no
  arena-capable arch has D-cache aliasing, so there is no dcache concern.
---
 include/linux/bpf.h  |  1 +
 kernel/bpf/syscall.c | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/bpf.h b/include/linux/bpf.h
index e80963971f680..345fe4c2e6422 100644
--- a/include/linux/bpf.h
+++ b/include/linux/bpf.h
@@ -2786,6 +2786,7 @@ struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog_get_curr_or_next(u32 *id);
 
 int bpf_map_alloc_pages(const struct bpf_map *map, int nid,
 			unsigned long nr_pages, struct page **page_array);
+struct page *bpf_map_alloc_page_sleepable(const struct bpf_map *map);
 #ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
 void bpf_map_memcg_enter(const struct bpf_map *map, struct mem_cgroup **old_memcg,
 			 struct mem_cgroup **new_memcg);
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
index c7bc9ba9b331f..abd0f67c68d97 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
@@ -602,15 +602,14 @@ static bool can_alloc_pages(void)
 		!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT);
 }
 
+#define BPF_PAGE_GFP (GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_ZERO | __GFP_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN)
+
 static struct page *__bpf_alloc_page(int nid)
 {
 	if (!can_alloc_pages())
 		return alloc_pages_nolock(__GFP_ACCOUNT, nid, 0);
 
-	return alloc_pages_node(nid,
-				GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_ZERO | __GFP_ACCOUNT
-				| __GFP_NOWARN,
-				0);
+	return alloc_pages_node(nid, BPF_PAGE_GFP, 0);
 }
 
 int bpf_map_alloc_pages(const struct bpf_map *map, int nid,
@@ -636,6 +635,27 @@ int bpf_map_alloc_pages(const struct bpf_map *map, int nid,
 	return ret;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Allocate a page for map memory with the blocking allocator so it can
+ * reclaim. __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL keeps it from invoking the OOM killer: the
+ * page is charged to the map's memcg, which need not be the caller's, so
+ * an OOM there could kill unrelated tasks in the map's cgroup while a
+ * foreign caller could never be its victim.
+ *
+ * bpf_map_alloc_pages() serves arbitrary BPF program context and stays
+ * reentrancy-safe by falling back to the non-blocking allocator. This
+ * helper always blocks, so a sleepable context alone is not enough: the
+ * caller must guarantee it is not already inside the page allocator or
+ * reclaim, where blocking here would reenter mm and deadlock. The only
+ * user is arena_vm_fault(), a userspace page fault in task context.
+ */
+struct page *bpf_map_alloc_page_sleepable(const struct bpf_map *map)
+{
+	might_sleep();
+	return alloc_pages_node(map->numa_node,
+				BPF_PAGE_GFP | __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL, 0);
+}
+
 static int btf_field_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
 {
 	const struct btf_field *f1 = a, *f2 = b;
-- 
2.43.0

[PATCH bpf-next v7 2/4] bpf: arena: allocate the fault-in page outside the lock

[Jiayuan Chen]

arena_vm_fault() allocated the page while holding arena->spinlock, so it
could only use the non-blocking allocator, which never reclaims. Once the
memcg is at memory.max that allocation just fails, the fault turns into
VM_FAULT_SIGSEGV, and the process gets a SIGSEGV on a perfectly valid
arena address. Hitting memory.max is routine (e.g. page cache from
reading a big file), so this kills innocent processes over memory that
reclaim could have freed.

Rework the fault handler:

- Preallocate the page before taking the lock, like do_anonymous_page()
  does, so it can sleep and reclaim, instead of turning a routine
  memory.max into a fake segfault. The allocation never invokes the OOM
  killer, see bpf_map_alloc_page_sleepable().

- On allocation failure fall through to the locked recheck rather than
  failing right away: a page a concurrent allocator installed meanwhile
  is used, otherwise the non-blocking fallback fails and we return
  VM_FAULT_SIGBUS. Not VM_FAULT_OOM: nothing ran the OOM killer, and the
  fault path would just retry it forever.

- A lockless probe skips that preallocation when a page is already mapped
  (e.g. allocated by the bpf program), so the common case wastes no
  allocation. The rare race where such a page is freed before we take the
  lock falls back to the non-blocking allocator under the lock.

- Return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS for the other non-recoverable errors (lock
  failure, range-tree and page-table failures) instead of
  VM_FAULT_SIGSEGV; only BPF_F_SEGV_ON_FAULT, and a scratch-page hole
  under that flag, is a real user addressing error and keeps
  VM_FAULT_SIGSEGV.

- Tidy up the error labels.

Reviewed-by: Emil Tsalapatis <emil@etsalapatis.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev>
---
 kernel/bpf/arena.c | 86 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/bpf/arena.c b/kernel/bpf/arena.c
index 7b6847200b431..e3c8b6086bbee 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/arena.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/arena.c
@@ -481,7 +481,8 @@ static vm_fault_t arena_vm_fault(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 	struct bpf_map *map = vmf->vma->vm_file->private_data;
 	struct bpf_arena *arena = container_of(map, struct bpf_arena, map);
 	struct mem_cgroup *new_memcg, *old_memcg;
-	struct page *page;
+	struct page *page, *new_page = NULL;
+	vm_fault_t fault_ret;
 	long kbase, kaddr;
 	unsigned long flags;
 	int ret;
@@ -489,59 +490,104 @@ static vm_fault_t arena_vm_fault(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 	kbase = bpf_arena_get_kern_vm_start(arena);
 	kaddr = kbase + (u32)(vmf->address);
 
-	if (raw_res_spin_lock_irqsave(&arena->spinlock, flags))
+	page = vmalloc_to_page((void *)kaddr);
+	if (!page && !(arena->map.map_flags & BPF_F_SEGV_ON_FAULT)) {
+		/*
+		 * Preallocate outside the lock with a sleepable allocator so it
+		 * can reclaim, which the non-blocking allocator under
+		 * arena->spinlock cannot; it never invokes the OOM killer, see
+		 * bpf_map_alloc_page_sleepable(). On failure fall through
+		 * anyway: the locked recheck below picks up a page a concurrent
+		 * allocator may have installed meanwhile, and otherwise the
+		 * non-blocking fallback fails and we return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS.
+		 * Not VM_FAULT_OOM: nothing ran the OOM killer, and the fault
+		 * path would just retry it forever.
+		 */
+		bpf_map_memcg_enter(&arena->map, &old_memcg, &new_memcg);
+		new_page = bpf_map_alloc_page_sleepable(map);
+		bpf_map_memcg_exit(old_memcg, new_memcg);
+	}
+
+	if (raw_res_spin_lock_irqsave(&arena->spinlock, flags)) {
 		/*
 		 * A failed lock means a possible deadlock was detected. Don't
 		 * return VM_FAULT_RETRY: this handler never took mmap_lock, but
 		 * the fault path would re-take it on retry and deadlock. Fail.
 		 */
+		if (new_page)
+			free_pages_nolock(new_page, 0);
 		return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;
+	}
 
 	page = vmalloc_to_page((void *)kaddr);
 	if (page) {
-		if (page == arena->scratch_page)
+		if (page == arena->scratch_page) {
 			/* BPF triggered scratch here; don't lazy-alloc over it */
-			goto out_sigsegv;
+			fault_ret = (arena->map.map_flags & BPF_F_SEGV_ON_FAULT) ?
+				    VM_FAULT_SIGSEGV : VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;
+			goto out_err_locked;
+		}
 		/* already have a page vmap-ed */
 		goto out;
 	}
 
+	if (arena->map.map_flags & BPF_F_SEGV_ON_FAULT) {
+		/* User space requested to segfault when page is not allocated by bpf prog */
+		fault_ret = VM_FAULT_SIGSEGV;
+		goto out_err_locked;
+	}
+
 	bpf_map_memcg_enter(&arena->map, &old_memcg, &new_memcg);
 
-	if (arena->map.map_flags & BPF_F_SEGV_ON_FAULT)
-		/* User space requested to segfault when page is not allocated by bpf prog */
-		goto out_sigsegv_memcg;
+	if (!new_page) {
+		/*
+		 * No page in hand: either the lockless probe saw a page (a bpf
+		 * program page or the scratch page) so we skipped preallocation
+		 * but a concurrent bpf_arena_free_pages() cleared it before we
+		 * took the lock, or the sleepable preallocation failed. We need
+		 * one now and cannot sleep here, so try the non-blocking
+		 * allocator and give up if it fails.
+		 */
+		ret = bpf_map_alloc_pages(map, map->numa_node, 1, &new_page);
+		if (ret) {
+			fault_ret = VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;
+			goto out_err_locked_memcg;
+		}
+	}
 
 	ret = range_tree_clear(&arena->rt, vmf->pgoff, 1);
-	if (ret)
-		goto out_sigsegv_memcg;
-
-	struct apply_range_data data = { .arena = arena, .pages = &page, .i = 0 };
-	/* Account into memcg of the process that created bpf_arena */
-	ret = bpf_map_alloc_pages(map, NUMA_NO_NODE, 1, &page);
 	if (ret) {
-		range_tree_set(&arena->rt, vmf->pgoff, 1);
-		goto out_sigsegv_memcg;
+		fault_ret = VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;
+		goto out_err_locked_memcg;
 	}
+	struct apply_range_data data = { .arena = arena, .pages = &new_page, .i = 0 };
 
 	ret = apply_to_page_range(&init_mm, kaddr, PAGE_SIZE, apply_range_set_cb, &data);
 	if (ret) {
 		range_tree_set(&arena->rt, vmf->pgoff, 1);
-		free_pages_nolock(page, 0);
-		goto out_sigsegv_memcg;
+		fault_ret = VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;
+		goto out_err_locked_memcg;
 	}
 	flush_vmap_cache(kaddr, PAGE_SIZE);
 	bpf_map_memcg_exit(old_memcg, new_memcg);
+	/* new_page was consumed */
+	page = new_page;
+	new_page = NULL;
 out:
 	page_ref_add(page, 1);
 	raw_res_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&arena->spinlock, flags);
+	if (new_page)
+		free_pages_nolock(new_page, 0);
 	vmf->page = page;
 	return 0;
-out_sigsegv_memcg:
+
+out_err_locked_memcg:
 	bpf_map_memcg_exit(old_memcg, new_memcg);
-out_sigsegv:
+out_err_locked:
 	raw_res_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&arena->spinlock, flags);
-	return VM_FAULT_SIGSEGV;
+	if (new_page)
+		free_pages_nolock(new_page, 0);
+	return fault_ret;
 }
 
 static const struct vm_operations_struct arena_vm_ops = {
-- 
2.43.0

[PATCH bpf-next v7 3/4] selftests/bpf: Add read_cgroup_file() to cgroup_helpers

[Jiayuan Chen]

cgroup_helpers has write_cgroup_file()/write_cgroup_file_parent() but no
read counterpart. Add read_cgroup_file() and read_cgroup_file_parent() so
a forked child can read a cgroup file (e.g. memory.current) from the work
dir owned by the parent that set the environment up, without hand-building
the /mnt/... path.

Reviewed-by: Emil Tsalapatis <emil@etsalapatis.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev>
---
 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/cgroup_helpers.c | 67 ++++++++++++++++++++
 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/cgroup_helpers.h |  4 ++
 2 files changed, 71 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/cgroup_helpers.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/cgroup_helpers.c
index 45cd0b479fe35..4183ff6150c28 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/cgroup_helpers.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/cgroup_helpers.c
@@ -188,6 +188,73 @@ int write_cgroup_file_parent(const char *relative_path, const char *file,
 	return __write_cgroup_file(cgroup_path, file, buf);
 }
 
+static int __read_cgroup_file(const char *cgroup_path, const char *file,
+			      char *buf, size_t len)
+{
+	char file_path[PATH_MAX + 1];
+	ssize_t got;
+	int fd;
+
+	snprintf(file_path, sizeof(file_path), "%s/%s", cgroup_path, file);
+	fd = open(file_path, O_RDONLY);
+	if (fd < 0) {
+		log_err("Opening %s", file_path);
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	got = read(fd, buf, len - 1);
+	if (got < 0) {
+		log_err("Reading %s", file_path);
+		close(fd);
+		return 1;
+	}
+	buf[got] = '\0';
+	close(fd);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * read_cgroup_file() - Read from a cgroup file
+ * @relative_path: The cgroup path, relative to the workdir
+ * @file: The name of the file in cgroupfs to read from
+ * @buf: Buffer to read into, NUL-terminated on success
+ * @len: Size of @buf
+ *
+ * Read from a file in the given cgroup's directory.
+ *
+ * If successful, 0 is returned.
+ */
+int read_cgroup_file(const char *relative_path, const char *file,
+		     char *buf, size_t len)
+{
+	char cgroup_path[PATH_MAX - 24];
+
+	format_cgroup_path(cgroup_path, relative_path);
+	return __read_cgroup_file(cgroup_path, file, buf, len);
+}
+
+/**
+ * read_cgroup_file_parent() - Read from a cgroup file in the parent process
+ *                             workdir
+ * @relative_path: The cgroup path, relative to the parent process workdir
+ * @file: The name of the file in cgroupfs to read from
+ * @buf: Buffer to read into, NUL-terminated on success
+ * @len: Size of @buf
+ *
+ * Read from a file in the given cgroup's directory under the parent process
+ * workdir.
+ *
+ * If successful, 0 is returned.
+ */
+int read_cgroup_file_parent(const char *relative_path, const char *file,
+			    char *buf, size_t len)
+{
+	char cgroup_path[PATH_MAX - 24];
+
+	format_parent_cgroup_path(cgroup_path, relative_path);
+	return __read_cgroup_file(cgroup_path, file, buf, len);
+}
+
 /**
  * setup_cgroup_environment() - Setup the cgroup environment
  *
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/cgroup_helpers.h b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/cgroup_helpers.h
index 3857304be8741..d42d2e13044e5 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/cgroup_helpers.h
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/cgroup_helpers.h
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ int write_cgroup_file(const char *relative_path, const char *file,
 		      const char *buf);
 int write_cgroup_file_parent(const char *relative_path, const char *file,
 			     const char *buf);
+int read_cgroup_file(const char *relative_path, const char *file,
+		     char *buf, size_t len);
+int read_cgroup_file_parent(const char *relative_path, const char *file,
+			    char *buf, size_t len);
 int cgroup_setup_and_join(const char *relative_path);
 int get_root_cgroup(void);
 int create_and_get_cgroup(const char *relative_path);
-- 
2.43.0

[PATCH bpf-next v7 4/4] selftests/bpf: Add a test for arena fault-in under memory.max

[Jiayuan Chen]

A child joins a memcg, fills it with 128M of clean page cache by reading
a sparse temp file (the way the cgroup selftests do), caps memory.max 8M
above its usage and then faults 64M of arena in, which only fits by
reclaiming that cache.

With the fix the arena fault-in reclaims, every fault succeeds and the
child exits 0. Without it the allocation cannot reclaim, fails once the
headroom is used up, and the child dies with SIGSEGV on a valid arena
address, so the test fails.

  # test_progs -v -t arena_memcg
  serial_test_arena_memcg:PASS:child faulted the arena in
  #8       arena_memcg:OK

  # without the fix
  child killed by signal 11
  serial_test_arena_memcg:FAIL:child faulted the arena in

The page cache must be reclaimable, so the temp file has to live on a
disk-backed filesystem, not tmpfs - the same assumption the cgroup
selftests make.

Reviewed-by: Emil Tsalapatis <emil@etsalapatis.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev>
---
To sashiko:
- The non-arm64 1<<44 map_extra is copied from the existing arena tests.
- waitpid() without an EINTR retry is copied from the existing tests.
- fork() then work without exec follows the existing tests (the
  SIGEV_THREAD watchdog is test_progs-wide).
- Not skipping on EOPNOTSUPP (unsupported arena JIT) follows most of the
  existing arena tests; only arena_direct_value/arena_spin_lock skip.
- cgroup.memory=nobpf would charge the arena pages to the root memcg, so
  the limit would not bind and the test would pass either way; CI does
  not configure it.
- The test SKIPs when the working directory cannot host the reserve: it
  detects tmpfs (shmem pages are not reclaimable without swap) and a
  filesystem without O_TMPFILE support. The cgroup selftests make the
  same assumption about the working directory.
---
 .../selftests/bpf/prog_tests/arena_memcg.c    | 196 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../testing/selftests/bpf/progs/arena_memcg.c |  23 ++
 2 files changed, 219 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/arena_memcg.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/arena_memcg.c

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/arena_memcg.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/arena_memcg.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c76a7eb2f01d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/arena_memcg.c
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#include <test_progs.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/magic.h>
+#include <sys/vfs.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/user.h>
+#ifndef PAGE_SIZE /* on some archs it comes in sys/user.h */
+#define PAGE_SIZE getpagesize()
+#endif
+
+#include "cgroup_helpers.h"
+#include "arena_memcg.skel.h"
+
+#define CG_PATH		"/arena_memcg"
+
+/* Reclaimable page cache the child builds up before it gets capped. */
+#define RECLAIMABLE	(128 * 1024 * 1024)
+/* Headroom left under memory.max, far less than the arena we fault in. */
+#define HEADROOM	(8 * 1024 * 1024)
+/* Arena to fault in; it only fits by reclaiming the page cache. */
+#define ARENA_FAULT	(64 * 1024 * 1024)
+/* Child exit code for "this environment cannot host the test". */
+#define CHILD_UNSUPPORTED	9
+
+static void dump_memcg(void)
+{
+	char buf[512];
+
+	if (!read_cgroup_file(CG_PATH, "memory.max", buf, sizeof(buf)))
+		fprintf(stderr, "memory.max: %s", buf);
+	if (!read_cgroup_file(CG_PATH, "memory.peak", buf, sizeof(buf)))
+		fprintf(stderr, "memory.peak: %s", buf);
+	if (!read_cgroup_file(CG_PATH, "memory.events", buf, sizeof(buf)))
+		fprintf(stderr, "memory.events:\n%s", buf);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Fill the page cache with @size bytes of clean, reclaimable pages by
+ * reading a sparse temp file, the way the cgroup selftests do. Returns the
+ * fd, which must stay open: closing it drops the cache. Returns -EOPNOTSUPP
+ * if the working directory cannot back such a file, -1 on error.
+ */
+static int alloc_pagecache(size_t size)
+{
+	struct statfs stfs;
+	char buf[4096];
+	size_t off;
+	int fd;
+
+	fd = open(".", O_TMPFILE | O_RDWR | O_EXCL, 0600);
+	if (fd < 0)
+		return errno == EOPNOTSUPP ? -EOPNOTSUPP : -1;
+	/* tmpfs hands out shmem pages, which are not reclaimable without swap */
+	if (fstatfs(fd, &stfs) || stfs.f_type == TMPFS_MAGIC) {
+		close(fd);
+		return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+	}
+	if (ftruncate(fd, size))
+		goto err;
+	for (off = 0; off < size; off += sizeof(buf))
+		if (read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf)) < 0)
+			goto err;
+	return fd;
+err:
+	close(fd);
+	return -1;
+}
+
+void serial_test_arena_memcg(void)
+{
+	int cgroup_fd = -1, status, err;
+	const long ps = PAGE_SIZE;
+	char buf[64];
+	pid_t pid;
+
+	err = setup_cgroup_environment();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "setup_cgroup_environment"))
+		goto out;
+
+	cgroup_fd = create_and_get_cgroup(CG_PATH);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_FD(cgroup_fd, "create_and_get_cgroup"))
+		goto out;
+
+	/* No memory controller -> nothing to test. */
+	if (read_cgroup_file(CG_PATH, "memory.current", buf, sizeof(buf))) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s:SKIP:no memory controller or other env error\n",
+			__func__);
+		test__skip();
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	pid = fork();
+	if (!ASSERT_GE(pid, 0, "fork"))
+		goto out;
+	if (pid == 0) {
+		struct arena_memcg *cskel;
+		__u32 i, npages;
+		char *base;
+		size_t sz;
+		long cur;
+		int fd;
+
+		/*
+		 * Everything runs in the child: the arena vma is VM_DONTCOPY so
+		 * it does not survive fork(), and only the child should be under
+		 * the limit. The work dir belongs to the parent, so use the
+		 * _parent() helpers; errors come back as an exit code, ASSERT_*
+		 * does not reach the parent from here.
+		 */
+
+		/* Step 1: join the memcg, so what follows is charged to it. */
+		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d", getpid());
+		if (write_cgroup_file_parent(CG_PATH, "cgroup.procs", buf))
+			_exit(2);
+
+		/*
+		 * Step 2: load the arena. A map is charged to whoever creates
+		 * it, hence joining first.
+		 */
+		cskel = arena_memcg__open_and_load();
+		if (!cskel)
+			_exit(3);
+		base = bpf_map__initial_value(cskel->maps.arena, &sz);
+		if (!base)
+			_exit(4);
+		npages = ARENA_FAULT / ps;
+		if (npages > bpf_map__max_entries(cskel->maps.arena))
+			_exit(5);
+
+		/* Step 3: make RECLAIMABLE bytes of clean page cache. */
+		fd = alloc_pagecache(RECLAIMABLE);
+		if (fd == -EOPNOTSUPP)
+			_exit(CHILD_UNSUPPORTED);
+		if (fd < 0)
+			_exit(6);
+
+		/*
+		 * Step 4: set memory.max to what we use now plus HEADROOM. The
+		 * page cache is already inside the limit, so only HEADROOM is
+		 * left.
+		 */
+		if (read_cgroup_file_parent(CG_PATH, "memory.current", buf, sizeof(buf)))
+			_exit(7);
+		cur = strtol(buf, NULL, 10);
+		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%ld", cur + HEADROOM);
+		if (write_cgroup_file_parent(CG_PATH, "memory.max", buf))
+			_exit(8);
+
+		/*
+		 * Step 5: fault ARENA_FAULT of arena in, much more than
+		 * HEADROOM. Once it hits memory.max every further page has to
+		 * come from reclaiming the page cache. With the fix the
+		 * fault-in reclaims and all of it succeeds; without it the
+		 * allocation cannot reclaim and we die on a valid address.
+		 */
+		for (i = 0; i < npages; i++)
+			base[(size_t)i * ps] = 1;
+		_exit(0); /* fd deliberately kept open until here */
+	}
+
+	if (!ASSERT_EQ(waitpid(pid, &status, 0), pid, "waitpid"))
+		goto out;
+
+	/* The working directory cannot hold a reclaimable page cache. */
+	if (WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == CHILD_UNSUPPORTED) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s:SKIP:no disk-backed O_TMPFILE in cwd\n", __func__);
+		test__skip();
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	/* A non-zero exit means the child failed to set up; the code says where. */
+	if (WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status)) {
+		ASSERT_OK(WEXITSTATUS(status), "child setup");
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * With the fix the arena fault-in reclaims the page cache and every
+	 * fault succeeds, so the child exits 0. Without it the allocation
+	 * cannot reclaim, fails once the headroom is used up, and the child
+	 * dies with SIGSEGV on a valid arena address.
+	 */
+	if (!ASSERT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(status) && !WEXITSTATUS(status),
+			 "child faulted the arena in")) {
+		if (WIFSIGNALED(status))
+			fprintf(stderr, "child killed by signal %d\n", WTERMSIG(status));
+		dump_memcg();
+	}
+out:
+	if (cgroup_fd >= 0)
+		close(cgroup_fd);
+	cleanup_cgroup_environment();
+}
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/arena_memcg.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/arena_memcg.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..aff73757e7941
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/arena_memcg.c
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+#include <vmlinux.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include "bpf_arena_common.h"
+
+struct {
+	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARENA);
+	__uint(map_flags, BPF_F_MMAPABLE);
+	/*
+	 * Number of pages. Must cover ARENA_FAULT on the smallest page size
+	 * (64M/4K = 16384) yet stay under the 4G arena limit on 64K pages
+	 * (50000*64K = 3.2G).
+	 */
+	__uint(max_entries, 50000);
+#ifdef __TARGET_ARCH_arm64
+	__ulong(map_extra, 0x1ull << 32); /* start of mmap() region */
+#else
+	__ulong(map_extra, 0x1ull << 44); /* start of mmap() region */
+#endif
+} arena SEC(".maps");
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
-- 
2.43.0

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v7 1/4] bpf: Add a sleepable page allocator for map memory

[Alexei Starovoitov]

On Thu, Sep 17, 2026 at 09:55 AM Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev> wrote:
> diff --git a/include/linux/bpf.h b/include/linux/bpf.h
> index e80963971f680..345fe4c2e6422 100644
> --- a/include/linux/bpf.h
> +++ b/include/linux/bpf.h
> @@ -2786,6 +2786,7 @@ struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog_get_curr_or_next(u32 *id);
>
>  int bpf_map_alloc_pages(const struct bpf_map *map, int nid,
>  			unsigned long nr_pages, struct page **page_array);
> +struct page *bpf_map_alloc_page_sleepable(const struct bpf_map *map);

[...]

> diff --git a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
> index c7bc9ba9b331f..abd0f67c68d97 100644
> --- a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
> +++ b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c

[...]

> @@ -636,6 +635,27 @@ int bpf_map_alloc_pages(const struct bpf_map *map, int nid,
>  	return ret;
>  }
>
> +/*
> + * Allocate a page for map memory with the blocking allocator so it can
> + * reclaim. __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL keeps it from invoking the OOM killer: the
> + * page is charged to
 the map's memcg, which need not be the caller's, so
> + * an OOM there could kill unrelated tasks in the map's cgroup while a
> + * foreign caller could never be its victim.
> + *
> + * bpf_map_alloc_pages() serves arbitrary BPF program context and stays
> + * reentrancy-safe by falling back to the non-blocking allocator. This
> + * helper always blocks, so a sleepable context alone is not enough: the
> + * caller must guarantee it is not already inside the page allocator or
> + * reclaim, where blocking here would reenter mm and deadlock. The only
> + * user is arena_vm_fault(), a userspace page fault in task context.
> + */
> +struct page *bpf_map_alloc_page_sleepable(const struct bpf_map *map)
> +{
> +	might_sleep();
> +	return alloc_pages_node(map->numa_node,
> +				BPF_PAGE_GFP | __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL, 0);
> +}

Don't see the point in #define BPF_PAGE_GFP

Just call
  alloc_pages_node(map->numa_node, GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_ZERO |
		   __GFP_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOWARN 
| __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL, 0);

with a one line comment why RETRY_MAYFAIL, 
drop this patch and fold mayfail+comment into patch 2.

pw-bot: cr