[PATCH v2 0/9] Add __must_init and require explicit kobj_type::release

[PATCH v2 0/9] Add __must_init and require explicit kobj_type::release

[Ian Rogers]

Clang supports the 'require_explicit_initialization' attribute on struct
fields to enforce that the field is explicitly initialized when an
aggregate object is constructed, emitting -Wuninitialized-explicit-init
(enabled by default) if the field is omitted.

Following discussion at the Linux Plumbers Conference [1], patch 1 adds
the attribute to include/linux/compiler_attributes.h as __must_init. In
v1 it was called __require_explicit_initialization. Kees picked up that
patch with a first seq_file user [2], and in that thread Greg suggested
the shorter __must_init spelling, which Kees and Miguel agreed to. As
the attribute did not land in the v7.4 merge window, Kees asked that
this series carry the renamed attribute. The Acked-by/Reviewed-by tags
on patch 1 were given for the original spelling; the rename is
mechanical.

As Documentation/core-api/kobject.rst notes:
  "One important point cannot be overstated: every kobject must have a
  release() method, and the kobject must persist (in a consistent state)
  until that method is called. If these constraints are not met, the
  code is flawed."

Annotating struct kobj_type::release caught struct kobj_type definitions
across the tree that omitted .release:
- Patches 2-8 fix struct kobj_type definitions where dynamically
  allocated kobjects, ksets, or enclosing structures were either leaked
  on kobject_put(), freed prematurely before kobject release, or missing
  proper static initializers.
- Patch 9 annotates struct kobj_type::release with __must_init and
  explicitly sets .release = NULL (with explanatory comments prefixed
  with "Pre-existing:") on the remaining legacy struct kobj_type
  definitions whose kobjects are static, per-CPU, permanent firmware
  structures, or embedded in devm- or parent-managed structures.

Note on tool use: An LLM coding assistant was used to help audit the
compiler diagnostics across the tree, draft the fixes and changelog
descriptions, and verify builds and review feedback.

Changes in v2:
- Rebased on v7.3-16928-g83f32c773255 (v7.4 merge window).
- Patch 1: Rename __require_explicit_initialization to __must_init per
  Greg Kroah-Hartman; document the Clang >= 20 requirement per Miguel
  Ojeda; note the Clang gap for file-scope objects without an
  initializer reported by Kees Cook; add tags from v1 and from Kees's
  posting.
- Move LLM assistance attribution from Assisted-by tags to this cover
  letter per commit 1e035297ffda ("docs: remove Assisted-by
  references").
- Patch 4 (cpufreq): Use "cpufreq: governor:" prefix, drop Fixes tag,
  fix typo, and remove the redundant runtime assignment in
  cpufreq_dbs_governor_init() per Zhongqiu Han.
- Dropped v1 patch 5 (ACPI: CPPC), already fixed upstream by
  commit 27954e29d7de ("ACPI: CPPC: Release CPC descriptors through
  kobject").
- Patch 5 (dlm): Call kobject_del() before dlm_recoverd_stop() in
  release_lockspace() and the new_lockspace() error path, and wait on a
  new ls_kobj_done completion before freeing the lockspace or dropping
  the module reference, avoiding races with delayed kobject release.
- Dropped v1 patch 8 (s390/sclp_mem) per Sumanth Korikkar: the
  /sys/firmware/memory/memoryX kobjects are permanent, so sclp_mem.c is
  folded into patch 9 with .release = NULL.
- Patch 7 (ubifs): Add Tested-by and Reviewed-by from Zhihao Cheng.
- Patch 8 (drm/amdkfd): Check q->kobj.state_in_sysfs before
  kobject_del() in kfd_procfs_del_queue().
- Patch 9 (kobject): Cover sclp_mem.c and the new amdgpu_ualink.c
  ualink_xcp_info_ktype, fix the overlay-sysfs.c comment, and prefix
  legacy .release = NULL comments with "Pre-existing:".
- Patch 9 (kobject): The ioat, kunpeng_hccs and omapfb display comments
  now say that the existing teardown can use-after-free under
  CONFIG_DEBUG_KOBJECT_RELEASE (reported by Sashiko). Fixing those
  drivers is left to follow-up patches.

v1: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20261013223946.1836757-1-irogers@google.com/
[1] https://lpc.events/event/20/contributions/2392/
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20261014225811.i.852-kees@kernel.org/

Ian Rogers (9):
  Compiler Attributes: Add __must_init macro
  powerpc/secvar: Add missing kobject release callback to secvar_ktype
  sh: sq: Add missing kobject release callback to ktype_percpu_entry
  cpufreq: governor: Initialize kobj_type release callback statically
  dlm: Free dlm_ls in kobject release callback
  xen/sys-hypervisor: Add release callback to hyp_sysfs_kobj_type
  ubifs: sysfs: Use kset_create_and_add() for ubifs_kset
  drm/amdkfd: Free queue in procfs_queue_type kobject release callback
  kobject: Require explicit initialization of struct kobj_type::release

 Documentation/conf.py                         |  1 +
 arch/arm64/kernel/cpuinfo.c                   |  5 ++++
 arch/powerpc/kernel/secvar-sysfs.c            |  6 +++++
 arch/sh/kernel/cpu/sh4/sq.c                   |  6 +++++
 drivers/acpi/sysfs.c                          |  2 ++
 drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_conservative.c        |  5 +++-
 drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.c            |  4 +--
 drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.h            |  1 +
 drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_ondemand.c            |  5 +++-
 drivers/dma/ioat/sysfs.c                      |  7 +++++
 drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_ualink.c    |  5 ++++
 drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_xcp.c       | 10 +++++++
 drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_process.c      | 12 ++++++---
 drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_queue.c        |  5 +++-
 drivers/infiniband/hw/hfi1/sysfs.c            |  5 ++++
 drivers/infiniband/hw/usnic/usnic_ib_sysfs.c  |  2 ++
 drivers/parisc/pdc_stable.c                   |  5 ++++
 drivers/power/supply/ab8500_fg.c              |  5 ++++
 drivers/s390/char/sclp_mem.c                  |  2 ++
 drivers/soc/hisilicon/kunpeng_hccs.c          | 21 +++++++++++++++
 .../fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/display-sysfs.c    |  7 +++++
 .../fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/manager-sysfs.c    |  5 ++++
 .../fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/overlay-sysfs.c    |  5 ++++
 drivers/xen/sys-hypervisor.c                  |  6 +++++
 fs/dlm/dlm_internal.h                         |  1 +
 fs/dlm/lockspace.c                            | 26 ++++++++++++++-----
 fs/erofs/sysfs.c                              | 10 +++++++
 fs/f2fs/sysfs.c                               | 15 +++++++++++
 fs/ocfs2/cluster/masklog.c                    |  5 ++++
 fs/ubifs/sysfs.c                              | 24 +++++------------
 include/linux/compiler_attributes.h           | 12 +++++++++
 include/linux/kobject.h                       |  2 +-
 scripts/checkpatch.pl                         |  1 +
 tools/lib/python/kdoc/xforms_lists.py         |  1 +
 34 files changed, 202 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)


base-commit: 83f32c773255720a661aa45d83e36278135f23f5
-- 
2.56.0.313.g2479322e68-goog

[PATCH v2 1/9] Compiler Attributes: Add __must_init macro

[Ian Rogers]

Clang supports the 'require_explicit_initialization' attribute on struct
fields to indicate that a field must be initialized explicitly by the
user when the object is constructed. When an aggregate initializer or
uninitialized variable omits an annotated field, Clang emits a
-Wuninitialized-explicit-init warning (enabled by default).

Add the __must_init macro to include/linux/compiler_attributes.h (which
is included by include/linux/compiler_types.h and
include/linux/compiler.h) so kernel structs with error-prone
initialization (such as mandatory callbacks or cleanup handlers) can
enforce explicit initialization at compile time, as discussed at the
Linux Plumbers Conference. The shorter __must_init spelling, rather than
the attribute's full name, keeps annotated struct members readable and
was suggested by Greg Kroah-Hartman.

Note that Clang does not yet diagnose file-scope objects declared
without any initializer (initializers at file scope that omit the field
are diagnosed), see https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/232483.

Also teach Sphinx (Documentation/conf.py), kernel-doc
(tools/lib/python/kdoc/xforms_lists.py), and checkpatch.pl about the new
attribute macro.

Link: https://lpc.events/event/20/contributions/2392/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/2026101532-fantastic-deafness-e04c@gregkh/
Acked-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Nathan Chancellor <nathan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Ian Rogers <irogers@google.com>
---
 Documentation/conf.py                 |  1 +
 include/linux/compiler_attributes.h   | 12 ++++++++++++
 scripts/checkpatch.pl                 |  1 +
 tools/lib/python/kdoc/xforms_lists.py |  1 +
 4 files changed, 15 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Documentation/conf.py b/Documentation/conf.py
index 5ab26ce89daf..baaa4035258c 100644
--- a/Documentation/conf.py
+++ b/Documentation/conf.py
@@ -203,6 +203,7 @@ c_id_attributes = [
     "__noreturn",
     "__packed",
     "__pure",
+    "__must_init",
     "__section",
     "__always_unused",
     "__maybe_unused",
diff --git a/include/linux/compiler_attributes.h b/include/linux/compiler_attributes.h
index 476c4c560d17..b9c0b56dd22e 100644
--- a/include/linux/compiler_attributes.h
+++ b/include/linux/compiler_attributes.h
@@ -322,6 +322,18 @@
  */
 #define __pure                          __attribute__((__pure__))
 
+/*
+ * Optional: not supported by gcc
+ * Optional: only supported since clang >= 20.0
+ *
+ * clang: https://clang.llvm.org/docs/AttributeReference.html#require-explicit-initialization
+ */
+#if __has_attribute(__require_explicit_initialization__)
+# define __must_init __attribute__((__require_explicit_initialization__))
+#else
+# define __must_init
+#endif
+
 /*
  *   gcc: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Common-Function-Attributes.html#index-section-function-attribute
  *   gcc: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Common-Variable-Attributes.html#index-section-variable-attribute
diff --git a/scripts/checkpatch.pl b/scripts/checkpatch.pl
index c9840f5219c2..5232f66d2b80 100755
--- a/scripts/checkpatch.pl
+++ b/scripts/checkpatch.pl
@@ -6860,6 +6860,7 @@ sub process {
 				"noreturn"			=> "__noreturn",
 				"packed"			=> "__packed",
 				"pure"				=> "__pure",
+				"require_explicit_initialization" => "__must_init",
 				"section"			=> "__section",
 				"used"				=> "__used",
 				"weak"				=> "__weak"
diff --git a/tools/lib/python/kdoc/xforms_lists.py b/tools/lib/python/kdoc/xforms_lists.py
index 320f977c5bac..3c744cbd2f34 100644
--- a/tools/lib/python/kdoc/xforms_lists.py
+++ b/tools/lib/python/kdoc/xforms_lists.py
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ class CTransforms:
         (CMatch("CRYPTO_MINALIGN_ATTR"), ""),
         (CMatch("__private"), ""),
         (CMatch("__rcu"), ""),
+        (CMatch("__must_init"), ""),
         (CMatch("____cacheline_aligned_in_smp"), ""),
         (CMatch("____cacheline_aligned"), ""),
         (CMatch("__cacheline_group_(?:begin|end)"), ""),
-- 
2.56.0.313.g2479322e68-goog

[PATCH v2 2/9] powerpc/secvar: Add missing kobject release callback to secvar_ktype

[Ian Rogers]

In add_var(), a struct kobject is dynamically allocated with
kzalloc_obj() and initialized with secvar_ktype. If kobject_add() or
sysfs_create_file() fails, kobject_put(kobj) is called to clean up.
However, secvar_ktype does not define a .release callback, which results
in a memory leak of kobj (and a pr_debug warning in kobject_cleanup()
when CONFIG_DEBUG_KOBJECT_RELEASE is enabled).

Provide a secvar_release() callback that calls kfree(kobj).

Fixes: bd5d9c743d38 ("powerpc: expose secure variables to userspace via sysfs")
Signed-off-by: Ian Rogers <irogers@google.com>
---
 arch/powerpc/kernel/secvar-sysfs.c | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/secvar-sysfs.c b/arch/powerpc/kernel/secvar-sysfs.c
index 395399bbab2c..f3f6ac25ea78 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/secvar-sysfs.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/secvar-sysfs.c
@@ -126,7 +126,13 @@ static const struct attribute_group secvar_attr_group = {
 };
 __ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(secvar_attr);
 
+static void secvar_release(struct kobject *kobj)
+{
+	kfree(kobj);
+}
+
 static const struct kobj_type secvar_ktype = {
+	.release	= secvar_release,
 	.sysfs_ops	= &kobj_sysfs_ops,
 	.default_groups = secvar_attr_groups,
 };
-- 
2.56.0.313.g2479322e68-goog

[PATCH v2 3/9] sh: sq: Add missing kobject release callback to ktype_percpu_entry

[Ian Rogers]

In sq_dev_add(), sq_kobject[cpu] is dynamically allocated with
kzalloc_obj() and initialized with ktype_percpu_entry. When
sq_dev_remove() calls kobject_put(kobj), the kobject is never freed
because ktype_percpu_entry lacks a .release callback.

Provide a sq_kobj_release() callback that calls kfree(kobj).

Fixes: d7c30c682a27 ("sh: Store Queue API rework.")
Signed-off-by: Ian Rogers <irogers@google.com>
---
 arch/sh/kernel/cpu/sh4/sq.c | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/sh/kernel/cpu/sh4/sq.c b/arch/sh/kernel/cpu/sh4/sq.c
index 908a8e09113b..f33864958487 100644
--- a/arch/sh/kernel/cpu/sh4/sq.c
+++ b/arch/sh/kernel/cpu/sh4/sq.c
@@ -331,7 +331,13 @@ static const struct sysfs_ops sq_sysfs_ops = {
 	.store	= sq_sysfs_store,
 };
 
+static void sq_kobj_release(struct kobject *kobj)
+{
+	kfree(kobj);
+}
+
 static struct kobj_type ktype_percpu_entry = {
+	.release	= sq_kobj_release,
 	.sysfs_ops	= &sq_sysfs_ops,
 	.default_groups	= sq_sysfs_groups,
 };
-- 
2.56.0.313.g2479322e68-goog

[PATCH v2 4/9] cpufreq: governor: Initialize kobj_type release callback statically

[Ian Rogers]

Export cpufreq_dbs_data_release() and set .kobj_type.release statically
in the ondemand and conservative governors so their gov_attr_set
kobjects have a valid release callback statically initialized, matching
cpufreq_governor_dbs. Remove the redundant runtime assignment in
cpufreq_dbs_governor_init().

This prepares for annotating struct kobj_type::release with
__must_init.

Signed-off-by: Ian Rogers <irogers@google.com>
---
 drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_conservative.c | 5 ++++-
 drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.c     | 4 ++--
 drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.h     | 1 +
 drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_ondemand.c     | 5 ++++-
 4 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_conservative.c b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_conservative.c
index 02bfd46543e9..146a2353b1a2 100644
--- a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_conservative.c
+++ b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_conservative.c
@@ -318,7 +318,10 @@ static void cs_limits(struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
 
 static struct dbs_governor cs_governor = {
 	.gov = CPUFREQ_DBS_GOVERNOR_INITIALIZER("conservative"),
-	.kobj_type = { .default_groups = cs_groups },
+	.kobj_type = {
+		.release = cpufreq_dbs_data_release,
+		.default_groups = cs_groups,
+	},
 	.gov_dbs_update = cs_dbs_update,
 	.alloc = cs_alloc,
 	.free = cs_free,
diff --git a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.c b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.c
index f3bd3dbe7c41..f8b5aca09b6b 100644
--- a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.c
+++ b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.c
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ static void free_policy_dbs_info(struct policy_dbs_info *policy_dbs,
 	gov->free(policy_dbs);
 }
 
-static void cpufreq_dbs_data_release(struct kobject *kobj)
+void cpufreq_dbs_data_release(struct kobject *kobj)
 {
 	struct dbs_data *dbs_data = to_dbs_data(to_gov_attr_set(kobj));
 	struct dbs_governor *gov = dbs_data->gov;
@@ -427,6 +427,7 @@ static void cpufreq_dbs_data_release(struct kobject *kobj)
 	gov->exit(dbs_data);
 	kfree(dbs_data);
 }
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(cpufreq_dbs_data_release);
 
 int cpufreq_dbs_governor_init(struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
 {
@@ -488,7 +489,6 @@ int cpufreq_dbs_governor_init(struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
 	policy->governor_data = policy_dbs;
 
 	gov->kobj_type.sysfs_ops = &governor_sysfs_ops;
-	gov->kobj_type.release = cpufreq_dbs_data_release;
 	ret = kobject_init_and_add(&dbs_data->attr_set.kobj, &gov->kobj_type,
 				   get_governor_parent_kobj(policy),
 				   "%s", gov->gov.name);
diff --git a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.h b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.h
index 806d8fb4dff1..1026712bb79b 100644
--- a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.h
+++ b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.h
@@ -150,6 +150,7 @@ static inline struct dbs_governor *dbs_governor_of(struct cpufreq_policy *policy
 }
 
 /* Governor callback routines */
+void cpufreq_dbs_data_release(struct kobject *kobj);
 int cpufreq_dbs_governor_init(struct cpufreq_policy *policy);
 void cpufreq_dbs_governor_exit(struct cpufreq_policy *policy);
 int cpufreq_dbs_governor_start(struct cpufreq_policy *policy);
diff --git a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_ondemand.c b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_ondemand.c
index 9942dbb38dae..7386d043c665 100644
--- a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_ondemand.c
+++ b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_ondemand.c
@@ -374,7 +374,10 @@ static struct od_ops od_ops = {
 
 static struct dbs_governor od_dbs_gov = {
 	.gov = CPUFREQ_DBS_GOVERNOR_INITIALIZER("ondemand"),
-	.kobj_type = { .default_groups = od_groups },
+	.kobj_type = {
+		.release = cpufreq_dbs_data_release,
+		.default_groups = od_groups,
+	},
 	.gov_dbs_update = od_dbs_update,
 	.alloc = od_alloc,
 	.free = od_free,
-- 
2.56.0.313.g2479322e68-goog

Re: [PATCH v2 4/9] cpufreq: governor: Initialize kobj_type release callback statically

[Zhongqiu Han]

Hi Ian,

Thanks for the update.

On 10/28/2026 6:38 AM, Ian Rogers wrote:
> Export cpufreq_dbs_data_release() and set .kobj_type.release statically
> in the ondemand and conservative governors so their gov_attr_set
> kobjects have a valid release callback statically initialized, matching
> cpufreq_governor_dbs. Remove the redundant runtime assignment in

"matching cpufreq_governor_dbs" is a bit confusing to me
(cpufreq_governor_dbs() was removed back in v4.8 by commit e788892ba3cc
("cpufreq: governor: Get rid of governor events")), as it doesn't
seem to refer to anything in the tree. Perhaps we could just drop it,
e.g.:

Export cpufreq_dbs_data_release() and initialize .kobj_type.release
statically in the ondemand and conservative governors instead of
assigning it at runtime in cpufreq_dbs_governor_init().


The code change itself looks good to me. With the changelog updated
(in a respin if the series needs one for other reasons, or when
applying):

Reviewed-by: Zhongqiu Han <zhongqiu.han@oss.qualcomm.com>

> cpufreq_dbs_governor_init().
> 
> This prepares for annotating struct kobj_type::release with
> __must_init.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Ian Rogers <irogers@google.com>
> ---
>   drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_conservative.c | 5 ++++-
>   drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.c     | 4 ++--
>   drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.h     | 1 +
>   drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_ondemand.c     | 5 ++++-
>   4 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_conservative.c b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_conservative.c
> index 02bfd46543e9..146a2353b1a2 100644
> --- a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_conservative.c
> +++ b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_conservative.c
> @@ -318,7 +318,10 @@ static void cs_limits(struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
>   
>   static struct dbs_governor cs_governor = {
>   	.gov = CPUFREQ_DBS_GOVERNOR_INITIALIZER("conservative"),
> -	.kobj_type = { .default_groups = cs_groups },
> +	.kobj_type = {
> +		.release = cpufreq_dbs_data_release,
> +		.default_groups = cs_groups,
> +	},
>   	.gov_dbs_update = cs_dbs_update,
>   	.alloc = cs_alloc,
>   	.free = cs_free,
> diff --git a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.c b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.c
> index f3bd3dbe7c41..f8b5aca09b6b 100644
> --- a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.c
> +++ b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.c
> @@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ static void free_policy_dbs_info(struct policy_dbs_info *policy_dbs,
>   	gov->free(policy_dbs);
>   }
>   
> -static void cpufreq_dbs_data_release(struct kobject *kobj)
> +void cpufreq_dbs_data_release(struct kobject *kobj)
>   {
>   	struct dbs_data *dbs_data = to_dbs_data(to_gov_attr_set(kobj));
>   	struct dbs_governor *gov = dbs_data->gov;
> @@ -427,6 +427,7 @@ static void cpufreq_dbs_data_release(struct kobject *kobj)
>   	gov->exit(dbs_data);
>   	kfree(dbs_data);
>   }
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(cpufreq_dbs_data_release);
>   
>   int cpufreq_dbs_governor_init(struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
>   {
> @@ -488,7 +489,6 @@ int cpufreq_dbs_governor_init(struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
>   	policy->governor_data = policy_dbs;
>   
>   	gov->kobj_type.sysfs_ops = &governor_sysfs_ops;
> -	gov->kobj_type.release = cpufreq_dbs_data_release;
>   	ret = kobject_init_and_add(&dbs_data->attr_set.kobj, &gov->kobj_type,
>   				   get_governor_parent_kobj(policy),
>   				   "%s", gov->gov.name);
> diff --git a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.h b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.h
> index 806d8fb4dff1..1026712bb79b 100644
> --- a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.h
> +++ b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_governor.h
> @@ -150,6 +150,7 @@ static inline struct dbs_governor *dbs_governor_of(struct cpufreq_policy *policy
>   }
>   
>   /* Governor callback routines */
> +void cpufreq_dbs_data_release(struct kobject *kobj);
>   int cpufreq_dbs_governor_init(struct cpufreq_policy *policy);
>   void cpufreq_dbs_governor_exit(struct cpufreq_policy *policy);
>   int cpufreq_dbs_governor_start(struct cpufreq_policy *policy);
> diff --git a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_ondemand.c b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_ondemand.c
> index 9942dbb38dae..7386d043c665 100644
> --- a/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_ondemand.c
> +++ b/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_ondemand.c
> @@ -374,7 +374,10 @@ static struct od_ops od_ops = {
>   
>   static struct dbs_governor od_dbs_gov = {
>   	.gov = CPUFREQ_DBS_GOVERNOR_INITIALIZER("ondemand"),
> -	.kobj_type = { .default_groups = od_groups },
> +	.kobj_type = {
> +		.release = cpufreq_dbs_data_release,
> +		.default_groups = od_groups,
> +	},
>   	.gov_dbs_update = od_dbs_update,
>   	.alloc = od_alloc,
>   	.free = od_free,


-- 
Thx and BRs,
Zhongqiu Han

[PATCH v2 5/9] dlm: Free dlm_ls in kobject release callback

[Ian Rogers]

struct dlm_ls embeds a struct kobject (ls_kobj), but dlm_ktype lacked a
.release callback and dlm freed the lockspace structure directly via
kfree(ls). With CONFIG_DEBUG_KOBJECT_RELEASE=y, freeing ls before the
delayed kobject release runs causes a use-after-free, and unloading the
module while the delayed release is pending results in an instruction
page fault.

Add a completion ls_kobj_done and dlm_ls_release() to complete it when
the last kobject reference is dropped, waiting for it in free_lockspace()
before kfree(ls) and in the new_lockspace() error path before module_put().
Also delete the kobject via kobject_del() before stopping dlm_recoverd
to close the window where concurrent sysfs writes could wake the stopped
recovery task.

Fixes: 3514faca19a6 ("kobject: remove struct kobj_type from struct kset")
Signed-off-by: Ian Rogers <irogers@google.com>
---
 fs/dlm/dlm_internal.h |  1 +
 fs/dlm/lockspace.c    | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/fs/dlm/dlm_internal.h b/fs/dlm/dlm_internal.h
index 74c2e77d1b55..95b3bff0cb57 100644
--- a/fs/dlm/dlm_internal.h
+++ b/fs/dlm/dlm_internal.h
@@ -576,6 +576,7 @@ struct dlm_ls {
 	int			ls_create_count; /* create/release refcount */
 	unsigned long		ls_flags;	/* LSFL_ */
 	struct kobject		ls_kobj;
+	struct completion	ls_kobj_done;
 
 	struct xarray		ls_lkbxa;
 	rwlock_t		ls_lkbxa_lock;
diff --git a/fs/dlm/lockspace.c b/fs/dlm/lockspace.c
index a9c98b4f378f..2dccd080a10f 100644
--- a/fs/dlm/lockspace.c
+++ b/fs/dlm/lockspace.c
@@ -179,7 +179,15 @@ static const struct sysfs_ops dlm_attr_ops = {
 	.store = dlm_attr_store,
 };
 
+static void dlm_ls_release(struct kobject *kobj)
+{
+	struct dlm_ls *ls = container_of(kobj, struct dlm_ls, ls_kobj);
+
+	complete(&ls->ls_kobj_done);
+}
+
 static struct kobj_type dlm_ktype = {
+	.release        = dlm_ls_release,
 	.default_groups = dlm_groups,
 	.sysfs_ops     = &dlm_attr_ops,
 };
@@ -355,6 +363,8 @@ static void free_lockspace(struct work_struct *work)
 	 */
 	rhashtable_free_and_destroy(&ls->ls_rsbtbl, rhash_free_rsb, NULL);
 
+	kobject_put(&ls->ls_kobj);
+	wait_for_completion(&ls->ls_kobj_done);
 	kfree(ls);
 }
 
@@ -435,7 +445,10 @@ static int new_lockspace(const char *name, const char *cluster,
 	ls->ls_lvblen = lvblen;
 	atomic_set(&ls->ls_count, 0);
 	init_waitqueue_head(&ls->ls_count_wait);
+	init_completion(&ls->ls_kobj_done);
 	ls->ls_flags = 0;
+	ls->ls_kobj.kset = dlm_kset;
+	kobject_init(&ls->ls_kobj, &dlm_ktype);
 
 	if (ops && dlm_config.ci_recover_callbacks) {
 		ls->ls_ops = ops;
@@ -567,9 +580,7 @@ static int new_lockspace(const char *name, const char *cluster,
 	wait_event(ls->ls_recover_lock_wait,
 		   test_bit(LSFL_RECOVER_LOCK, &ls->ls_flags));
 
-	ls->ls_kobj.kset = dlm_kset;
-	error = kobject_init_and_add(&ls->ls_kobj, &dlm_ktype, NULL,
-				     "%s", ls->ls_name);
+	error = kobject_add(&ls->ls_kobj, NULL, "%s", ls->ls_name);
 	if (error)
 		goto out_recoverd;
 	kobject_uevent(&ls->ls_kobj, KOBJ_ADD);
@@ -582,7 +593,7 @@ static int new_lockspace(const char *name, const char *cluster,
 
 	error = do_uevent(ls, 1, 0);
 	if (error < 0)
-		goto out_recoverd;
+		goto out_kobj;
 
 	/* wait until recovery is successful or failed */
 	wait_for_completion(&ls->ls_recovery_done);
@@ -600,6 +611,8 @@ static int new_lockspace(const char *name, const char *cluster,
 	do_uevent(ls, 0, 0);
 	dlm_clear_members(ls);
 	kfree(ls->ls_node_array);
+ out_kobj:
+	kobject_del(&ls->ls_kobj);
  out_recoverd:
 	dlm_recoverd_stop(ls);
  out_callback:
@@ -615,6 +628,7 @@ static int new_lockspace(const char *name, const char *cluster,
 	rhashtable_destroy(&ls->ls_rsbtbl);
  out_lsfree:
 	kobject_put(&ls->ls_kobj);
+	wait_for_completion(&ls->ls_kobj_done);
 	kfree(ls);
  out:
 	module_put(THIS_MODULE);
@@ -740,6 +754,8 @@ static int release_lockspace(struct dlm_ls *ls, unsigned int release_option)
 	    dlm_user_daemon_available())
 		do_uevent(ls, 0, (release_option == DLM_RELEASE_RECOVER));
 
+	kobject_del(&ls->ls_kobj);
+
 	dlm_recoverd_stop(ls);
 
 	/* clear the LSFL_RUNNING flag to fast up
@@ -759,8 +775,6 @@ static int release_lockspace(struct dlm_ls *ls, unsigned int release_option)
 
 	dlm_delete_debug_file(ls);
 
-	kobject_put(&ls->ls_kobj);
-
 	xa_destroy(&ls->ls_recover_xa);
 	kfree(ls->ls_recover_buf);
 
-- 
2.56.0.313.g2479322e68-goog

[PATCH v2 6/9] xen/sys-hypervisor: Add release callback to hyp_sysfs_kobj_type

[Ian Rogers]

hypervisor_init() in drivers/base/hypervisor.c creates hypervisor_kobj
with kobject_create_and_add() (which allocates a dynamic kobject using
dynamic_kobj_ktype), and hypervisor_subsys_init() in
drivers/xen/sys-hypervisor.c then overwrites hypervisor_kobj->ktype with
&hyp_sysfs_kobj_type, which had no .release callback.

Add hyp_sysfs_release() calling kfree(kobj) to preserve the dynamic
kobject release behavior.

Fixes: cff7e81b3dd7 ("xen: add /sys/hypervisor support")
Signed-off-by: Ian Rogers <irogers@google.com>
---
 drivers/xen/sys-hypervisor.c | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/drivers/xen/sys-hypervisor.c b/drivers/xen/sys-hypervisor.c
index 91923242a5ae..0e8a2cd69fd6 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/sys-hypervisor.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/sys-hypervisor.c
@@ -659,7 +659,13 @@ static const struct sysfs_ops hyp_sysfs_ops = {
 	.store = hyp_sysfs_store,
 };
 
+static void hyp_sysfs_release(struct kobject *kobj)
+{
+	kfree(kobj);
+}
+
 static const struct kobj_type hyp_sysfs_kobj_type = {
+	.release = hyp_sysfs_release,
 	.sysfs_ops = &hyp_sysfs_ops,
 };
 
-- 
2.56.0.313.g2479322e68-goog

[PATCH v2 7/9] ubifs: sysfs: Use kset_create_and_add() for ubifs_kset

[Ian Rogers]

ubifs_kset was a static struct kset using a custom ubifs_ktype that
had no default_groups and no .release callback. With
CONFIG_DEBUG_KOBJECT_RELEASE=y, unloading the ubifs module while delayed
kobject release is pending causes a use-after-free on the static kset.

Replace the static ubifs_kset and empty ubifs_ktype with a dynamically
allocated kset via kset_create_and_add().

Fixes: 203a55f04f66 ("ubifs: Fix memory leak in ubifs_sysfs_init()")
Tested-by: Zhihao Cheng <chengzhihao1@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhihao Cheng <chengzhihao1@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Rogers <irogers@google.com>
---
 fs/ubifs/sysfs.c | 24 +++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/fs/ubifs/sysfs.c b/fs/ubifs/sysfs.c
index dbf967dcf26e..e20931e3a62f 100644
--- a/fs/ubifs/sysfs.c
+++ b/fs/ubifs/sysfs.c
@@ -80,13 +80,7 @@ static const struct kobj_type ubifs_sb_ktype = {
 	.release	= ubifs_sb_release,
 };
 
-static const struct kobj_type ubifs_ktype = {
-	.sysfs_ops	= &ubifs_attr_ops,
-};
-
-static struct kset ubifs_kset = {
-	.kobj	= {.ktype = &ubifs_ktype},
-};
+static struct kset *ubifs_kset;
 
 int ubifs_sysfs_register(struct ubifs_info *c)
 {
@@ -107,7 +101,7 @@ int ubifs_sysfs_register(struct ubifs_info *c)
 		goto out_free;
 	}
 
-	c->kobj.kset = &ubifs_kset;
+	c->kobj.kset = ubifs_kset;
 	init_completion(&c->kobj_unregister);
 
 	ret = kobject_init_and_add(&c->kobj, &ubifs_sb_ktype, NULL,
@@ -139,18 +133,14 @@ void ubifs_sysfs_unregister(struct ubifs_info *c)
 
 int __init ubifs_sysfs_init(void)
 {
-	int ret;
+	ubifs_kset = kset_create_and_add("ubifs", NULL, fs_kobj);
+	if (!ubifs_kset)
+		return -ENOMEM;
 
-	kobject_set_name(&ubifs_kset.kobj, "ubifs");
-	ubifs_kset.kobj.parent = fs_kobj;
-	ret = kset_register(&ubifs_kset);
-	if (ret)
-		kset_put(&ubifs_kset);
-
-	return ret;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 void ubifs_sysfs_exit(void)
 {
-	kset_unregister(&ubifs_kset);
+	kset_unregister(ubifs_kset);
 }
-- 
2.56.0.313.g2479322e68-goog

[PATCH v2 8/9] drm/amdkfd: Free queue in procfs_queue_type kobject release callback

[Ian Rogers]

struct queue embeds a struct kobject (q->kobj) for procfs entries, but
procfs_queue_type had no .release callback and uninit_queue() freed q
immediately after kfd_procfs_del_queue() called kobject_put(&q->kobj).
With CONFIG_DEBUG_KOBJECT_RELEASE=y, this causes a use-after-free.

Add kfd_procfs_queue_release() to free struct queue from the kobject
release callback, change kfd_procfs_del_queue() to only remove the
kobject from sysfs via kobject_del(), and drop the final reference in
uninit_queue() via kobject_put(). Check q->kobj.state_in_sysfs before
calling kobject_del() in kfd_procfs_del_queue() to avoid warnings if
sysfs creation previously failed.

Fixes: 6d220a7e7971 ("drm/amdkfd: Add queue information to sysfs")
Signed-off-by: Ian Rogers <irogers@google.com>
---
 drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_process.c | 12 +++++++++---
 drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_queue.c   |  5 ++++-
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_process.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_process.c
index 226f52626e84..8e6136d52a50 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_process.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_process.c
@@ -512,7 +512,15 @@ static const struct sysfs_ops procfs_queue_ops = {
 	.show = kfd_procfs_queue_show,
 };
 
+static void kfd_procfs_queue_release(struct kobject *kobj)
+{
+	struct queue *q = container_of(kobj, struct queue, kobj);
+
+	kfree(q);
+}
+
 static const struct kobj_type procfs_queue_type = {
+	.release = kfd_procfs_queue_release,
 	.sysfs_ops = &procfs_queue_ops,
 	.default_groups = procfs_queue_groups,
 };
@@ -552,7 +560,6 @@ int kfd_procfs_add_queue(struct queue *q)
 	if (ret < 0) {
 		pr_warn("Creating proc/<pid>/queues/%u failed",
 			q->properties.queue_id);
-		kobject_put(&q->kobj);
 		return ret;
 	}
 
@@ -697,11 +704,10 @@ static void kfd_procfs_add_sysfs_files(struct kfd_process *p)
 
 void kfd_procfs_del_queue(struct queue *q)
 {
-	if (!q || !q->process->kobj)
+	if (!q || !q->process || !q->process->kobj || !q->kobj.state_in_sysfs)
 		return;
 
 	kobject_del(&q->kobj);
-	kobject_put(&q->kobj);
 }
 
 int kfd_process_create_wq(void)
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_queue.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_queue.c
index ae3e7c54014a..4666110aebe0 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_queue.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_queue.c
@@ -83,7 +83,10 @@ int init_queue(struct queue **q, const struct queue_properties *properties)
 
 void uninit_queue(struct queue *q)
 {
-	kfree(q);
+	if (q && q->kobj.state_initialized)
+		kobject_put(&q->kobj);
+	else
+		kfree(q);
 }
 
 #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HSA_AMD_SVM)
-- 
2.56.0.313.g2479322e68-goog

Re: [PATCH v2 8/9] drm/amdkfd: Free queue in procfs_queue_type kobject release callback

[Felix Kuehling]

On 2026-10-27 18:38, Ian Rogers wrote:
> struct queue embeds a struct kobject (q->kobj) for procfs entries, but
> procfs_queue_type had no .release callback and uninit_queue() freed q
> immediately after kfd_procfs_del_queue() called kobject_put(&q->kobj).
> With CONFIG_DEBUG_KOBJECT_RELEASE=y, this causes a use-after-free.
>
> Add kfd_procfs_queue_release() to free struct queue from the kobject
> release callback, change kfd_procfs_del_queue() to only remove the
> kobject from sysfs via kobject_del(), and drop the final reference in
> uninit_queue() via kobject_put(). Check q->kobj.state_in_sysfs before
> calling kobject_del() in kfd_procfs_del_queue() to avoid warnings if
> sysfs creation previously failed.
>
> Fixes: 6d220a7e7971 ("drm/amdkfd: Add queue information to sysfs")
> Signed-off-by: Ian Rogers <irogers@google.com>

Reviewed-by: Felix Kuehling <felix.kuehling@amd.com>


> ---
>   drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_process.c | 12 +++++++++---
>   drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_queue.c   |  5 ++++-
>   2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_process.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_process.c
> index 226f52626e84..8e6136d52a50 100644
> --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_process.c
> +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_process.c
> @@ -512,7 +512,15 @@ static const struct sysfs_ops procfs_queue_ops = {
>   	.show = kfd_procfs_queue_show,
>   };
>   
> +static void kfd_procfs_queue_release(struct kobject *kobj)
> +{
> +	struct queue *q = container_of(kobj, struct queue, kobj);
> +
> +	kfree(q);
> +}
> +
>   static const struct kobj_type procfs_queue_type = {
> +	.release = kfd_procfs_queue_release,
>   	.sysfs_ops = &procfs_queue_ops,
>   	.default_groups = procfs_queue_groups,
>   };
> @@ -552,7 +560,6 @@ int kfd_procfs_add_queue(struct queue *q)
>   	if (ret < 0) {
>   		pr_warn("Creating proc/<pid>/queues/%u failed",
>   			q->properties.queue_id);
> -		kobject_put(&q->kobj);
>   		return ret;
>   	}
>   
> @@ -697,11 +704,10 @@ static void kfd_procfs_add_sysfs_files(struct kfd_process *p)
>   
>   void kfd_procfs_del_queue(struct queue *q)
>   {
> -	if (!q || !q->process->kobj)
> +	if (!q || !q->process || !q->process->kobj || !q->kobj.state_in_sysfs)
>   		return;
>   
>   	kobject_del(&q->kobj);
> -	kobject_put(&q->kobj);
>   }
>   
>   int kfd_process_create_wq(void)
> diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_queue.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_queue.c
> index ae3e7c54014a..4666110aebe0 100644
> --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_queue.c
> +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_queue.c
> @@ -83,7 +83,10 @@ int init_queue(struct queue **q, const struct queue_properties *properties)
>   
>   void uninit_queue(struct queue *q)
>   {
> -	kfree(q);
> +	if (q && q->kobj.state_initialized)
> +		kobject_put(&q->kobj);
> +	else
> +		kfree(q);
>   }
>   
>   #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HSA_AMD_SVM)

[PATCH v2 9/9] kobject: Require explicit initialization of struct kobj_type::release

[Ian Rogers]

Documentation/core-api/kobject.rst states:

  "One important point cannot be overstated: every kobject must have a
  release() method, and the kobject must persist (in a consistent state)
  until that method is called. If these constraints are not met, the code
  is flawed. Note that the kernel will warn you if you forget to provide
  a release() method. Do not try to get rid of this warning by providing
  an \"empty\" release function."

Annotate struct kobj_type::release with __must_init
so the compiler diagnoses any struct kobj_type initializer that omits
.release.

For the remaining legacy struct kobj_type definitions where the kobject
is static, per-CPU, permanent firmware structures, or embedded inside a
devm- or parent-managed structure rather than freed by kobject_put(),
explicitly initialize .release = NULL with a comment documenting why no
release callback is provided.

Where the existing teardown is not safe with CONFIG_DEBUG_KOBJECT_RELEASE,
because the kobject's memory can be freed or cleared while the delayed
kobject cleanup is still pending (ioat, kunpeng_hccs and omapfb display),
the comment says so. Fixing those is left to follow-up patches; this
change does not alter their behavior.

Link: https://lpc.events/event/20/contributions/2392/
Signed-off-by: Ian Rogers <irogers@google.com>
---
 arch/arm64/kernel/cpuinfo.c                   |  5 +++++
 drivers/acpi/sysfs.c                          |  2 ++
 drivers/dma/ioat/sysfs.c                      |  7 +++++++
 drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_ualink.c    |  5 +++++
 drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_xcp.c       | 10 +++++++++
 drivers/infiniband/hw/hfi1/sysfs.c            |  5 +++++
 drivers/infiniband/hw/usnic/usnic_ib_sysfs.c  |  2 ++
 drivers/parisc/pdc_stable.c                   |  5 +++++
 drivers/power/supply/ab8500_fg.c              |  5 +++++
 drivers/s390/char/sclp_mem.c                  |  2 ++
 drivers/soc/hisilicon/kunpeng_hccs.c          | 21 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/display-sysfs.c    |  7 +++++++
 .../fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/manager-sysfs.c    |  5 +++++
 .../fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/overlay-sysfs.c    |  5 +++++
 fs/erofs/sysfs.c                              | 10 +++++++++
 fs/f2fs/sysfs.c                               | 15 +++++++++++++
 fs/ocfs2/cluster/masklog.c                    |  5 +++++
 include/linux/kobject.h                       |  2 +-
 18 files changed, 117 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/cpuinfo.c b/arch/arm64/kernel/cpuinfo.c
index 94e6cd211d70..7a4ac8dd0b86 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kernel/cpuinfo.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/cpuinfo.c
@@ -295,6 +295,11 @@ const struct seq_operations cpuinfo_op = {
 
 
 static const struct kobj_type cpuregs_kobj_type = {
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: info->kobj is embedded in per-CPU cpu_data;
+	 * cpuid_cpu_offline() only calls kobject_del().
+	 */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &kobj_sysfs_ops,
 };
 
diff --git a/drivers/acpi/sysfs.c b/drivers/acpi/sysfs.c
index a99373547126..1948b80e8a4a 100644
--- a/drivers/acpi/sysfs.c
+++ b/drivers/acpi/sysfs.c
@@ -973,6 +973,8 @@ static struct attribute *hotplug_profile_attrs[] = {
 ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(hotplug_profile);
 
 static const struct kobj_type acpi_hotplug_profile_ktype = {
+	/* Pre-existing: hotplug->kobj is embedded in static struct acpi_scan_hotplug objects. */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &kobj_sysfs_ops,
 	.default_groups = hotplug_profile_groups,
 };
diff --git a/drivers/dma/ioat/sysfs.c b/drivers/dma/ioat/sysfs.c
index e796ddb5383f..5ba44876eb96 100644
--- a/drivers/dma/ioat/sysfs.c
+++ b/drivers/dma/ioat/sysfs.c
@@ -167,6 +167,13 @@ static const struct attribute *const ioat_attrs[] = {
 ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(ioat);
 
 const struct kobj_type ioat_ktype = {
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: ioatdma_chan is freed by release_ioatdma(), not
+	 * by kobject_put(). With CONFIG_DEBUG_KOBJECT_RELEASE the delayed
+	 * kobject cleanup queued by ioat_kobject_del() may run after
+	 * that kfree(), a use-after-free.
+	 */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &ioat_sysfs_ops,
 	.default_groups = ioat_groups,
 };
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_ualink.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_ualink.c
index 17888cf54447..c2cccd924b03 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_ualink.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_ualink.c
@@ -885,6 +885,11 @@ static const struct attribute_group ualink_xcp_info_group = {
 };
 
 static const struct kobj_type ualink_xcp_info_ktype = {
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: xcp->ualink.kobj is embedded in struct amdgpu_xcp_mgr
+	 * rather than freed individually by kobject_put().
+	 */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &kobj_sysfs_ops
 };
 
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_xcp.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_xcp.c
index ab14079d1c42..0847134a1391 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_xcp.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_xcp.c
@@ -797,6 +797,11 @@ static const struct sysfs_ops xcp_cfg_res_sysfs_ops = {
 };
 
 static const struct kobj_type xcp_cfg_res_sysfs_ktype = {
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: xcp_res is embedded in struct amdgpu_xcp_cfg
+	 * rather than freed individually by kobject_put().
+	 */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &xcp_cfg_res_sysfs_ops,
 	.default_groups = xcp_cfg_res_sysfs_groups,
 };
@@ -1061,6 +1066,11 @@ static const struct attribute_group amdgpu_xcp_attrs_group = {
 };
 
 static const struct kobj_type xcp_sysfs_ktype = {
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: xcp is embedded in struct amdgpu_xcp_mgr
+	 * rather than freed individually by kobject_put().
+	 */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &kobj_sysfs_ops,
 };
 
diff --git a/drivers/infiniband/hw/hfi1/sysfs.c b/drivers/infiniband/hw/hfi1/sysfs.c
index 372cfd13dc61..5a1aca06b542 100644
--- a/drivers/infiniband/hw/hfi1/sysfs.c
+++ b/drivers/infiniband/hw/hfi1/sysfs.c
@@ -608,6 +608,11 @@ static const struct sysfs_ops sde_sysfs_ops = {
 };
 
 static struct kobj_type sde_ktype = {
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: sdma_engine is embedded in dd->per_sdma array
+	 * rather than freed by kobject_put().
+	 */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &sde_sysfs_ops,
 };
 
diff --git a/drivers/infiniband/hw/usnic/usnic_ib_sysfs.c b/drivers/infiniband/hw/usnic/usnic_ib_sysfs.c
index fdb63a8fb997..df0e48070c2e 100644
--- a/drivers/infiniband/hw/usnic/usnic_ib_sysfs.c
+++ b/drivers/infiniband/hw/usnic/usnic_ib_sysfs.c
@@ -245,6 +245,8 @@ static struct attribute *usnic_ib_qpn_default_attrs[] = {
 ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(usnic_ib_qpn_default);
 
 static struct kobj_type usnic_ib_qpn_type = {
+	/* Pre-existing: usnic_ib_qp_grp is embedded in RDMA core-managed struct usnic_ib_qp_grp. */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &usnic_ib_qpn_sysfs_ops,
 	.default_groups = usnic_ib_qpn_default_groups,
 };
diff --git a/drivers/parisc/pdc_stable.c b/drivers/parisc/pdc_stable.c
index 6b567a74fc2c..2f530e8c6757 100644
--- a/drivers/parisc/pdc_stable.c
+++ b/drivers/parisc/pdc_stable.c
@@ -484,6 +484,11 @@ ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(paths_subsys);
 
 /* Specific kobject type for our PDC paths */
 static const struct kobj_type ktype_pdcspath = {
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: pdcspath_entry instances are static; lifetime
+	 * is not controlled by kobject_put().
+	 */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &pdcspath_attr_ops,
 	.default_groups = paths_subsys_groups,
 };
diff --git a/drivers/power/supply/ab8500_fg.c b/drivers/power/supply/ab8500_fg.c
index e6b5efdf5dc9..d62411e4f535 100644
--- a/drivers/power/supply/ab8500_fg.c
+++ b/drivers/power/supply/ab8500_fg.c
@@ -2531,6 +2531,11 @@ static struct attribute *ab8500_fg_attrs[] = {
 ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(ab8500_fg);
 
 static const struct kobj_type ab8500_fg_ktype = {
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: fg_kobject is embedded in devm-allocated struct
+	 * ab8500_fg; ab8500_fg_sysfs_exit() only calls kobject_del().
+	 */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &ab8500_fg_sysfs_ops,
 	.default_groups = ab8500_fg_groups,
 };
diff --git a/drivers/s390/char/sclp_mem.c b/drivers/s390/char/sclp_mem.c
index 6df1926d4c62..2fb7271dce36 100644
--- a/drivers/s390/char/sclp_mem.c
+++ b/drivers/s390/char/sclp_mem.c
@@ -305,6 +305,8 @@ static ssize_t sclp_memmap_on_memory_store(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobj_att
 }
 
 static const struct kobj_type ktype = {
+	/* Pre-existing: permanent firmware kobjects, never freed */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &kobj_sysfs_ops,
 };
 
diff --git a/drivers/soc/hisilicon/kunpeng_hccs.c b/drivers/soc/hisilicon/kunpeng_hccs.c
index 0cc2953d59a5..da7a64c95058 100644
--- a/drivers/soc/hisilicon/kunpeng_hccs.c
+++ b/drivers/soc/hisilicon/kunpeng_hccs.c
@@ -1038,6 +1038,13 @@ static struct attribute *hccs_port_default_attrs[] = {
 ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(hccs_port_default);
 
 static const struct kobj_type hccs_port_type = {
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: hccs_port_info is allocated via devm_kzalloc()
+	 * rather than freed by kobject_put(). With
+	 * CONFIG_DEBUG_KOBJECT_RELEASE the delayed kobject cleanup may run
+	 * after devm frees it on unbind, a use-after-free.
+	 */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &hccs_comm_ops,
 	.default_groups = hccs_port_default_groups,
 };
@@ -1110,6 +1117,13 @@ static struct attribute *hccs_die_default_attrs[] = {
 ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(hccs_die_default);
 
 static const struct kobj_type hccs_die_type = {
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: hccs_die_info is allocated via devm_kzalloc()
+	 * rather than freed by kobject_put(). With
+	 * CONFIG_DEBUG_KOBJECT_RELEASE the delayed kobject cleanup may run
+	 * after devm frees it on unbind, a use-after-free.
+	 */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &hccs_comm_ops,
 	.default_groups = hccs_die_default_groups,
 };
@@ -1213,6 +1227,13 @@ static struct attribute *hccs_chip_default_attrs[] = {
 ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(hccs_chip_default);
 
 static const struct kobj_type hccs_chip_type = {
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: hccs_chip_info is allocated via devm_kzalloc()
+	 * rather than freed by kobject_put(). With
+	 * CONFIG_DEBUG_KOBJECT_RELEASE the delayed kobject cleanup may run
+	 * after devm frees it on unbind, a use-after-free.
+	 */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &hccs_comm_ops,
 	.default_groups = hccs_chip_default_groups,
 };
diff --git a/drivers/video/fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/display-sysfs.c b/drivers/video/fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/display-sysfs.c
index ae937854403b..452920a4e2a9 100644
--- a/drivers/video/fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/display-sysfs.c
+++ b/drivers/video/fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/display-sysfs.c
@@ -304,6 +304,13 @@ static const struct sysfs_ops display_sysfs_ops = {
 };
 
 static struct kobj_type display_ktype = {
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: dssdev->kobj is embedded in struct omap_dss_device
+	 * and zeroed in display_uninit_sysfs() right after kobject_put().
+	 * With CONFIG_DEBUG_KOBJECT_RELEASE that memset() clobbers the
+	 * pending delayed kobject cleanup.
+	 */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &display_sysfs_ops,
 	.default_groups = display_sysfs_groups,
 };
diff --git a/drivers/video/fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/manager-sysfs.c b/drivers/video/fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/manager-sysfs.c
index 1b644be5fe2e..40ec750f4315 100644
--- a/drivers/video/fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/manager-sysfs.c
+++ b/drivers/video/fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/manager-sysfs.c
@@ -496,6 +496,11 @@ static const struct sysfs_ops manager_sysfs_ops = {
 };
 
 static struct kobj_type manager_ktype = {
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: mgr->kobj is embedded in static managers[] and
+	 * zeroed in dss_manager_kobj_uninit().
+	 */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &manager_sysfs_ops,
 	.default_groups = manager_sysfs_groups,
 };
diff --git a/drivers/video/fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/overlay-sysfs.c b/drivers/video/fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/overlay-sysfs.c
index 1da4fb1c77b4..4d333031b18d 100644
--- a/drivers/video/fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/overlay-sysfs.c
+++ b/drivers/video/fbdev/omap2/omapfb/dss/overlay-sysfs.c
@@ -429,6 +429,11 @@ static const struct sysfs_ops overlay_sysfs_ops = {
 };
 
 static struct kobj_type overlay_ktype = {
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: ovl->kobj is embedded in static overlays[];
+	 * dss_overlay_kobj_uninit() drops the kobject ref.
+	 */
+	.release = NULL,
 	.sysfs_ops = &overlay_sysfs_ops,
 	.default_groups = overlay_sysfs_groups,
 };
diff --git a/fs/erofs/sysfs.c b/fs/erofs/sysfs.c
index dfcec9376cd5..2ea6773cd98f 100644
--- a/fs/erofs/sysfs.c
+++ b/fs/erofs/sysfs.c
@@ -238,6 +238,11 @@ static const struct kobj_type erofs_sb_ktype = {
 static const struct kobj_type erofs_ktype = {
 	.default_groups = erofs_groups,
 	.sysfs_ops	= &erofs_attr_ops,
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: erofs_root is a static struct kset; lifetime
+	 * is not controlled by kobject_put().
+	 */
+	.release	= NULL,
 };
 
 static struct kset erofs_root = {
@@ -247,6 +252,11 @@ static struct kset erofs_root = {
 static const struct kobj_type erofs_feat_ktype = {
 	.default_groups = erofs_feat_groups,
 	.sysfs_ops	= &erofs_attr_ops,
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: erofs_feat is a static struct kobject; lifetime
+	 * is not controlled by kobject_put().
+	 */
+	.release	= NULL,
 };
 
 static struct kobject erofs_feat = {
diff --git a/fs/f2fs/sysfs.c b/fs/f2fs/sysfs.c
index 430356e500af..6e15695cb75f 100644
--- a/fs/f2fs/sysfs.c
+++ b/fs/f2fs/sysfs.c
@@ -1683,6 +1683,11 @@ static const struct kobj_type f2fs_sb_ktype = {
 
 static const struct kobj_type f2fs_ktype = {
 	.sysfs_ops	= &f2fs_attr_ops,
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: f2fs_kset is a static struct kset; lifetime
+	 * is not controlled by kobject_put().
+	 */
+	.release	= NULL,
 };
 
 static struct kset f2fs_kset = {
@@ -1697,6 +1702,11 @@ static const struct sysfs_ops f2fs_feat_attr_ops = {
 static const struct kobj_type f2fs_feat_ktype = {
 	.default_groups = f2fs_feat_groups,
 	.sysfs_ops	= &f2fs_feat_attr_ops,
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: f2fs_feat is a static struct kobject; lifetime
+	 * is not controlled by kobject_put().
+	 */
+	.release	= NULL,
 };
 
 static struct kobject f2fs_feat = {
@@ -1711,6 +1721,11 @@ static const struct sysfs_ops f2fs_tune_attr_ops = {
 static const struct kobj_type f2fs_tune_ktype = {
 	.default_groups = f2fs_tune_groups,
 	.sysfs_ops	= &f2fs_tune_attr_ops,
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: f2fs_tune is a static struct kobject; lifetime
+	 * is not controlled by kobject_put().
+	 */
+	.release	= NULL,
 };
 
 static struct kobject f2fs_tune = {
diff --git a/fs/ocfs2/cluster/masklog.c b/fs/ocfs2/cluster/masklog.c
index 563881ddbf00..ff8a1cf51e72 100644
--- a/fs/ocfs2/cluster/masklog.c
+++ b/fs/ocfs2/cluster/masklog.c
@@ -147,6 +147,11 @@ static const struct sysfs_ops mlog_attr_ops = {
 static struct kobj_type mlog_ktype = {
 	.default_groups = mlog_default_groups,
 	.sysfs_ops      = &mlog_attr_ops,
+	/*
+	 * Pre-existing: mlog_kset is a static struct kset; lifetime
+	 * is not controlled by kobject_put().
+	 */
+	.release        = NULL,
 };
 
 static struct kset mlog_kset = {
diff --git a/include/linux/kobject.h b/include/linux/kobject.h
index 55e37a5d405e..8a1332030884 100644
--- a/include/linux/kobject.h
+++ b/include/linux/kobject.h
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ void kobject_get_ownership(const struct kobject *kobj, kuid_t *uid, kgid_t *gid)
 char *kobject_get_path(const struct kobject *kobj, gfp_t flag);
 
 struct kobj_type {
-	void (*release)(struct kobject *kobj);
+	void (*release)(struct kobject *kobj) __must_init;
 	const struct sysfs_ops *sysfs_ops;
 	const struct attribute_group **default_groups;
 	const struct kobj_ns_type_operations *(*child_ns_type)(const struct kobject *kobj);
-- 
2.56.0.313.g2479322e68-goog