[PATCH 0/2] KVM: arm64: Stop advertising FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA to guests

[PATCH 0/2] KVM: arm64: Stop advertising FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA to guests

[Fuad Tabba]

Hi folks,

On a host with FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA, KVM advertises ST64BV0 and ACCDATA_EL1
to guests but supports neither. The first patch caps
ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1.LS64 at LS64_V. A VM saved on an older kernel can carry
any level up to the host's, so the patch still accepts those levels from
the VMM, capped at LS64_V, and the VM restores. The second patch moves
LS64 out of set_id_regs' generic table into a test of its own, since the
table's invalid value is now one of those levels. It carries Cc: stable
as well, because a stable tree that takes the first patch alone fails
the set_id_regs selftest on an LS64_ACCDATA host.

Tested on the FVP AEM with arm_v8_7_accelerator_support_level set to 3
(LS64_ACCDATA) and 4 (LS64WB). Unpatched, on a VHE host, a guest's
ST64BV0 hits the WARN in handle_other(). A second VM also reads the
ACCDATA_EL1 value the first one wrote, once cpuidle.off=1 stops the
FVP's idle states from powering the CPU down. Patched, on VHE, nVHE and
protected-mode hosts, ST64BV0 and the ACCDATA_EL1 accesses UNDEF, and
set_id_regs passes.

The cap alone would fix the bug, but a VM saved on an older kernel
would then fail to restore on a patched kernel. 6685f5d572c2 ("KVM:
arm64: Disable MPAM visibility by default and ignore VMM writes")
solved the same problem for MPAM: it hid the field from guests, but
kept accepting the value older kernels exposed.

Based on Linux 7.3-rc3 (fd73f4a665989). Patch 2 conflicts with
00e309933879c, now in kvmarm/fixes and kvmarm/next, on the test count.
The resolution is:

  -	test_cnt = 4 + MPAM_IDREG_TEST + MTE_IDREG_TEST;
  +	test_cnt = 4 + MPAM_IDREG_TEST + MTE_IDREG_TEST + LS64_IDREG_TEST;

Cheers,
/fuad

Fuad Tabba (2):
  KVM: arm64: Hide FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA from guests
  KVM: arm64: selftests: Test ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1.LS64 on its own

 arch/arm64/kvm/sys_regs.c                     | 28 +++++++++--
 .../testing/selftests/kvm/arm64/set_id_regs.c | 49 ++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)


base-commit: fd73f4a6659897191fa0d40695fe370925dd3780
-- 
2.47.3

[PATCH 1/2] KVM: arm64: Hide FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA from guests

[Fuad Tabba]

Since commit 58ce78667a641 ("arm64: Add support for FEAT_{LS64,
LS64_V}"), a guest sees the host's ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1.LS64, but KVM only
enables the FEAT_LS64 and FEAT_LS64_V instructions in HCRX_EL2. On a
host with FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA, a guest's ST64BV0 therefore traps and hits
the WARN_ON_ONCE() in handle_other(). ACCDATA_EL1 isn't trapped or
context-switched either, so every guest on that CPU shares it.

Rather than support FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA, which requires ACCDATA_EL1 to be
context-switched, cap the field at LS64_V. The guest's ACCDATA_EL1
accesses then UNDEF. This hides FEAT_LS64WB too, as it implies
FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA.

A VM saved on an older kernel can carry any level up to the host's, so
keep accepting those from the VMM, capped the same way. One saved at
LS64_ACCDATA or above restores at LS64_V.

Fixes: 58ce78667a641 ("arm64: Add support for FEAT_{LS64, LS64_V}")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Fuad Tabba <fuad.tabba@linux.dev>
---
 arch/arm64/kvm/sys_regs.c | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/sys_regs.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/sys_regs.c
index 44aae52c473d7..7801166991b12 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/sys_regs.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/sys_regs.c
@@ -1958,6 +1958,9 @@ static u64 __kvm_read_sanitised_id_reg(const struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 				 ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_API |
 				 ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_GPA |
 				 ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_GPI);
+
+		/* ACCDATA_EL1 isn't context-switched, so no FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA */
+		val = ID_REG_LIMIT_FIELD_ENUM(val, ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1, LS64, LS64_V);
 		break;
 	case SYS_ID_AA64ISAR2_EL1:
 		if (!vcpu_has_ptrauth(vcpu))
@@ -2403,6 +2406,22 @@ static int set_id_aa64pfr2_el1(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 	return set_id_reg(vcpu, rd, user_val);
 }
 
+static int set_id_aa64isar1_el1(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
+				const struct sys_reg_desc *rd, u64 user_val)
+{
+	u64 hw_val = read_sanitised_ftr_reg(SYS_ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1);
+	u64 ls64_mask = ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_LS64_MASK;
+
+	/*
+	 * Older kernels let userspace set LS64 up to the host's level, so
+	 * keep accepting those values, capped at LS64_V.
+	 */
+	if ((user_val & ls64_mask) <= (hw_val & ls64_mask))
+		user_val = ID_REG_LIMIT_FIELD_ENUM(user_val, ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1, LS64, LS64_V);
+
+	return set_id_reg(vcpu, rd, user_val);
+}
+
 /*
  * Allow userspace to de-feature a stage-2 translation granule but prevent it
  * from claiming the impossible.
@@ -3428,10 +3447,11 @@ static const struct sys_reg_desc sys_reg_descs[] = {
 
 	/* CRm=6 */
 	ID_WRITABLE(ID_AA64ISAR0_EL1, ~ID_AA64ISAR0_EL1_RES0),
-	ID_WRITABLE(ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1, ~(ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_GPI |
-					ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_GPA |
-					ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_API |
-					ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_APA)),
+	ID_FILTERED(ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1, id_aa64isar1_el1,
+		    ~(ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_GPI |
+		      ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_GPA |
+		      ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_API |
+		      ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_APA)),
 	ID_WRITABLE(ID_AA64ISAR2_EL1, ~(ID_AA64ISAR2_EL1_RES0 |
 					ID_AA64ISAR2_EL1_APA3 |
 					ID_AA64ISAR2_EL1_GPA3)),
-- 
2.47.3

Re: [PATCH 1/2] KVM: arm64: Hide FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA from guests

[Marc Zyngier]

On Fri, 23 Oct 2026 08:01:09 +0100,
Fuad Tabba <fuad.tabba@linux.dev> wrote:
> 
> Since commit 58ce78667a641 ("arm64: Add support for FEAT_{LS64,
> LS64_V}"), a guest sees the host's ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1.LS64, but KVM only
> enables the FEAT_LS64 and FEAT_LS64_V instructions in HCRX_EL2. On a
> host with FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA, a guest's ST64BV0 therefore traps and hits
> the WARN_ON_ONCE() in handle_other(). ACCDATA_EL1 isn't trapped or
> context-switched either, so every guest on that CPU shares it.
> 
> Rather than support FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA, which requires ACCDATA_EL1 to be
> context-switched, cap the field at LS64_V. The guest's ACCDATA_EL1
> accesses then UNDEF. This hides FEAT_LS64WB too, as it implies
> FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA.

Why settle for the least capable option? Context switching ACCDATA_EL1
is easy enough, can be gated on guest features, and avoid the
userspace horror story.

I'd rather see that.

	M.

-- 
Without deviation from the norm, progress is not possible.

Re: [PATCH 1/2] KVM: arm64: Hide FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA from guests

[Fuad Tabba]

Hi Marc,

On Fri, 23 Oct 2026 09:31:32 +0100, Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org> wrote:
[...]
> Why settle for the least capable option? Context switching ACCDATA_EL1
> is easy enough, can be gated on guest features, and avoid the
> userspace horror story.
>
> I'd rather see that.

Context switching it means accessing ACCDATA_EL1 at EL2, which traps
to EL3 unless SCR_EL3.ADEn is set. booting.rst doesn't require ADEn
today, and TF-A only sets it when built with ENABLE_FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA,
which defaults to off. On such a host, KVM traps to EL3 the first time
it switches ACCDATA_EL1 for a VM, and every VM has LS64_ACCDATA by
default. The cap leaves the register alone, and the fine-grained trap
takes priority over ADEn, so it works whatever ADEn is set to.

Should we keep the cap as the fix for stable, and post ACCDATA support
on top? If you agree, I'd rebase your patches 3, 4 and 8 from [1], add
a booting.rst requirement for ADEn and EnAS0, and lift the cap and the
compat.

Cheers,
/fuad

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240815125959.2097734-1-maz@kernel.org/

Re: [PATCH 1/2] KVM: arm64: Hide FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA from guests

[Marc Zyngier]

On Fri, 23 Oct 2026 10:08:11 +0100,
Fuad Tabba <fuad.tabba@linux.dev> wrote:
> 
> Hi Marc,
> 
> On Fri, 23 Oct 2026 09:31:32 +0100, Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org> wrote:
> [...]
> > Why settle for the least capable option? Context switching ACCDATA_EL1
> > is easy enough, can be gated on guest features, and avoid the
> > userspace horror story.
> >
> > I'd rather see that.
> 
> Context switching it means accessing ACCDATA_EL1 at EL2, which traps
> to EL3 unless SCR_EL3.ADEn is set. booting.rst doesn't require ADEn
> today, and TF-A only sets it when built with ENABLE_FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA,
> which defaults to off.

I couldn't care less.

booting.rst is not authoritative and has absolutely no value when it
comes to trap bits. Firmware could perfectly enable a feature on trap
instead of catching fire.  Additionally, shipping firmware that
doesn't support features that the CPU advertises is a bug, and I want
to see these systems burn.

> On such a host, KVM traps to EL3 the first time
> it switches ACCDATA_EL1 for a VM, and every VM has LS64_ACCDATA by
> default. The cap leaves the register alone, and the fine-grained trap
> takes priority over ADEn, so it works whatever ADEn is set to.
> 
> Should we keep the cap as the fix for stable, and post ACCDATA support
> on top? If you agree, I'd rebase your patches 3, 4 and 8 from [1], add
> a booting.rst requirement for ADEn and EnAS0, and lift the cap and the
> compat.

No, I want this fixed by enabling ACCDATA support by default, which is
what we have *already* promised to userspace, and see the fireworks.
You can add an arm64.nols64 kernel option if you want, which is
consistent with what we do for CNTPOFF, NV3, and other extensions that
depend on FW enabling them.

Thanks,

	M.

-- 
Without deviation from the norm, progress is not possible.

Re: [PATCH 1/2] KVM: arm64: Hide FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA from guests

[Fuad Tabba]

Hi Marc,

On Fri, 23 Oct 2026 11:28:17 +0100, Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org> wrote:
[...]
> No, I want this fixed by enabling ACCDATA support by default, which is
> what we have *already* promised to userspace, and see the fireworks.
> You can add an arm64.nols64 kernel option if you want, which is
> consistent with what we do for CNTPOFF, NV3, and other extensions that
> depend on FW enabling them.

Will do. v2 will have your patches 3 and 4 from [1] rebased, EnAS0 set
when the guest has LS64_ACCDATA, and an arm64.nols64 option.

Cheers,
/fuad

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240815125959.2097734-1-maz@kernel.org/

Re: [PATCH 1/2] KVM: arm64: Hide FEAT_LS64_ACCDATA from guests

[Arnd Bergmann]

On Fri, Oct 23, 2026, at 12:37, Fuad Tabba wrote:
> On Fri, 23 Oct 2026 11:28:17 +0100, Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org> wrote:
> [...]
>> No, I want this fixed by enabling ACCDATA support by default, which is
>> what we have *already* promised to userspace, and see the fireworks.
>> You can add an arm64.nols64 kernel option if you want, which is
>> consistent with what we do for CNTPOFF, NV3, and other extensions that
>> depend on FW enabling them.
>
> Will do. v2 will have your patches 3 and 4 from [1] rebased, EnAS0 set
> when the guest has LS64_ACCDATA, and an arm64.nols64 option.

That sounds good. For reference, I have prototyped support for
LS64_ACCDATA in Linux drivers based on the corresponding x86 code.
The code is not yet tested on hardware, but it may help understand
how this may be used in the future.

       Arnd

----
From: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Subject: [PATCH] arm64: dynamically enable st64bv0 for SVA

I/O devices that understand the st64bv0 instruction for doing shared
virtual access from userspace need to set the pasid value in the
accdata_el1 register, but in general we want this to be disabled unless
a driver actually hands an MMIO area to userspace that accepts these
commands and installs a pasid using iommu_sva_bind_device().

Rather than trying to find all threads that use an mm_struct by the
time the pasid created, iommu_sva_bind_device() only stores the pasid in
'struct iommu_mm_data' and sets up the iommu domain in the device. The
first attempt to use SVA from userspace traps into do_el0_other(),
which checks that this is indeed valid and then sets the configured
pasid before enabling SCTLR_EL1_EnAS0.

This is pretty much a lifted from the x86 try_fixup_enqcmd_gp()
function.

Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>

diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/exception.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/exception.h
index a2da3cb21c24..7c61b50718d6 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/exception.h
+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/exception.h
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ void do_el0_sys(unsigned long esr, struct pt_regs *regs);
 void do_sp_pc_abort(unsigned long addr, unsigned long esr, struct pt_regs *regs);
 void bad_el0_sync(struct pt_regs *regs, int reason, unsigned long esr);
 void do_el0_cp15(unsigned long esr, struct pt_regs *regs);
+void do_el0_other(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long esr);
 int do_compat_alignment_fixup(unsigned long addr, struct pt_regs *regs);
 void do_el0_svc(struct pt_regs *regs);
 void do_el0_svc_compat(struct pt_regs *regs);
diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/mmu_context.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/mmu_context.h
index 803b68758152..55965d752ad5 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/mmu_context.h
+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/mmu_context.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <linux/mm_types.h>
 #include <linux/pgtable.h>
 #include <linux/pkeys.h>
+#include <linux/iommu.h>
 
 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
 #include <asm/cpufeature.h>
@@ -247,6 +248,20 @@ static inline void __switch_mm(struct mm_struct *next)
 	check_and_switch_context(next);
 }
 
+/* switch to PASID if new task has enabled st64bv0 */
+static inline void switch_iommu_mm(struct mm_struct *mm, struct task_struct *tsk)
+{
+	u32 pasid;
+
+	if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_IOMMU_SVA) ||
+	    !(tsk->thread.sctlr_user & SCTLR_EL1_EnAS0))
+		return;
+
+	pasid = mm_get_enqcmd_pasid(mm);
+	if (pasid != IOMMU_PASID_INVALID)
+		write_sysreg(pasid, accdata_el1);
+}
+
 static inline void
 switch_mm(struct mm_struct *prev, struct mm_struct *next,
 	  struct task_struct *tsk)
@@ -254,6 +269,8 @@ switch_mm(struct mm_struct *prev, struct mm_struct *next,
 	if (prev != next)
 		__switch_mm(next);
 
+	switch_iommu_mm(next, tsk); /* FIXME: is there a better place to do this? */
+
 	/*
 	 * Update the saved TTBR0_EL1 of the scheduled-in task as the previous
 	 * value may have not been initialised yet (activate_mm caller) or the
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/entry-common.c b/arch/arm64/kernel/entry-common.c
index 11d3f888fcd8..abeffb7f1fb2 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kernel/entry-common.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/entry-common.c
@@ -806,6 +806,14 @@ static void noinstr el0_fpac(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long esr)
 	arm64_exit_to_user_mode(regs);
 }
 
+static void noinstr el0_other(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long esr)
+{
+	arm64_enter_from_user_mode(regs);
+	local_daif_restore(DAIF_PROCCTX);
+	do_el0_other(regs, esr);
+	arm64_exit_to_user_mode(regs);
+}
+
 asmlinkage void noinstr el0t_64_sync_handler(struct pt_regs *regs)
 {
 	unsigned long esr = read_sysreg(esr_el1);
@@ -869,6 +877,9 @@ asmlinkage void noinstr el0t_64_sync_handler(struct pt_regs *regs)
 	case ESR_ELx_EC_FPAC:
 		el0_fpac(regs, esr);
 		break;
+	case ESR_ELx_EC_OTHER:
+		el0_other(regs, esr);
+		break;
 	default:
 		el0_inv(regs, esr);
 	}
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/traps.c b/arch/arm64/kernel/traps.c
index d6391ab20db3..ce968cce11e7 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kernel/traps.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/traps.c
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <linux/kprobes.h>
 #include <linux/spinlock.h>
 #include <linux/uaccess.h>
+#include <linux/iommu.h>
 #include <linux/hardirq.h>
 #include <linux/kdebug.h>
 #include <linux/module.h>
@@ -543,6 +544,55 @@ void do_el1_mops(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long esr)
 	kernel_fastforward_single_step(regs);
 }
 
+/*
+ * PASID/ACCDATA is shared by the entire mm, while sctlr_el1
+ * is maintained per thread. Keep things simple and enable
+ * ACCDATA dynamically on first access if available.
+ *
+ * After exiting back to userspace, the st64bv0 instruction
+ * should no longer trap.
+ */
+static bool try_enable_st64bv0(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long esr)
+{
+	u32 pasid;
+	u64 isar1;
+	u64 sctlr;
+
+	pasid = mm_get_enqcmd_pasid(current->mm);
+	if (pasid == IOMMU_PASID_INVALID)
+		return false;
+
+	isar1 = read_sanitised_ftr_reg(SYS_ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1);
+	if (!(isar1 & ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_LS64_LS64_ACCDATA))
+		return false;
+
+	sysreg_clear_set(accdata_el1, ACCDATA_EL1_ACCDATA, pasid);
+	sctlr = current->thread.sctlr_user;
+	sctlr |= SCTLR_EL1_EnAS0;
+	current->thread.sctlr_user = sctlr;
+	update_sctlr_el1(sctlr);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+void do_el0_other(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long esr)
+{
+	switch (ESR_ELx_ISS(esr)) {
+	case ESR_ELx_ISS_OTHER_ST64BV0:
+		if (try_enable_st64bv0(regs, esr))
+			return;
+		break;
+
+	case ESR_ELx_ISS_OTHER_ST64BV:
+	case ESR_ELx_ISS_OTHER_LDST64B:
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+
+	/* Treat all other "other" trapping instructions as illegal opcode */
+	force_signal_inject(SIGILL, ILL_ILLOPC, regs->pc, 0);
+}
+
 #define __user_cache_maint(insn, address, res)			\
 	if (address >= TASK_SIZE_MAX) {				\
 		res = -EFAULT;					\
@@ -842,6 +892,7 @@ static const char *esr_class_str[] = {
 	[ESR_ELx_EC_FP_ASIMD]		= "ASIMD",
 	[ESR_ELx_EC_CP10_ID]		= "CP10 MRC/VMRS",
 	[ESR_ELx_EC_PAC]		= "PAC",
+	[ESR_ELx_EC_OTHER]		= "OTHER",
 	[ESR_ELx_EC_CP14_64]		= "CP14 MCRR/MRRC",
 	[ESR_ELx_EC_BTI]		= "BTI",
 	[ESR_ELx_EC_ILL]		= "PSTATE.IL",
diff --git a/arch/arm64/tools/sysreg b/arch/arm64/tools/sysreg
index b15a59b9e95d..e358d9ad229b 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/tools/sysreg
+++ b/arch/arm64/tools/sysreg
@@ -3656,6 +3656,11 @@ Sysreg	TPIDR_EL1	3	0	13	0	4
 Field	63:0	ThreadID
 EndSysreg
 
+Sysreg	ACCDATA_EL1	3	0	13	0	5
+Res0	63:32
+Field	31:0	ACCDATA
+EndSysreg
+
 Sysreg	RCWMASK_EL1	3	0	13	0	6
 Field	63:0	RCWMASK
 EndSysreg

[PATCH 2/2] KVM: arm64: selftests: Test ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1.LS64 on its own

[Fuad Tabba]

KVM caps ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1.LS64 at LS64_V, but accepts a write of any
level up to the host's and caps it. On a host at LS64_ACCDATA or above,
the generic test writes the level above KVM's value and expects it to
be rejected, but KVM accepts it.

Move LS64 out of the generic table into its own test. It checks that the
field reads as the host's level capped at LS64_V, that a write of 0 is
kept and one of the host's level is capped, and that a level above the
host's is rejected.

Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Fuad Tabba <fuad.tabba@linux.dev>
---
 .../testing/selftests/kvm/arm64/set_id_regs.c | 49 ++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/arm64/set_id_regs.c b/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/arm64/set_id_regs.c
index 7429a1055df56..60b96f7608dc3 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/arm64/set_id_regs.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/arm64/set_id_regs.c
@@ -108,7 +108,6 @@ static const struct reg_ftr_bits ftr_id_aa64isar0_el1[] = {
 };
 
 static const struct reg_ftr_bits ftr_id_aa64isar1_el1[] = {
-	REG_FTR_BITS(FTR_LOWER_SAFE, ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1, LS64, 0),
 	REG_FTR_BITS(FTR_LOWER_SAFE, ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1, XS, 0),
 	REG_FTR_BITS(FTR_LOWER_SAFE, ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1, I8MM, 0),
 	REG_FTR_BITS(FTR_LOWER_SAFE, ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1, DGH, 0),
@@ -644,6 +643,51 @@ static void test_user_set_mte_reg(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 		ksft_test_result_pass("ID_AA64PFR1_EL1.MTE_frac no longer 0xF\n");
 }
 
+#define LS64_IDREG_TEST 4
+static void test_user_set_ls64_reg(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
+{
+	u64 reg = KVM_ARM64_SYS_REG(SYS_ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1);
+	u64 val, ls64, host, limit;
+	int err;
+
+	/* LS64 is visible to EL0, so this reads the host's sanitised level */
+	host = FIELD_GET(ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_LS64, read_sysreg(id_aa64isar1_el1));
+	limit = min(host, ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_LS64_LS64_V);
+
+	val = vcpu_get_reg(vcpu, reg);
+	ls64 = FIELD_GET(ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_LS64, val);
+	if (ls64 == limit)
+		ksft_test_result_pass("ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1.LS64=%lu, host at %lu\n", ls64, host);
+	else
+		ksft_test_result_fail("ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1.LS64=%lu, host at %lu\n", ls64, host);
+
+	val &= ~ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_LS64_MASK;
+	err = __vcpu_set_reg(vcpu, reg, val);
+	ls64 = FIELD_GET(ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_LS64, vcpu_get_reg(vcpu, reg));
+	if (!err && !ls64)
+		ksft_test_result_pass("ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1.LS64=0 accepted\n");
+	else
+		ksft_test_result_fail("ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1.LS64=0: err %d, reads %lu\n", err, ls64);
+
+	/*
+	 * A VM saved on an older kernel carries the host's level, which KVM
+	 * must accept from the VMM but keep at the limit.
+	 */
+	err = __vcpu_set_reg(vcpu, reg, val | FIELD_PREP(ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_LS64_MASK, host));
+	ls64 = FIELD_GET(ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_LS64, vcpu_get_reg(vcpu, reg));
+	if (!err && ls64 == limit)
+		ksft_test_result_pass("ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1.LS64=%lu accepted as %lu\n", host, ls64);
+	else
+		ksft_test_result_fail("ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1.LS64=%lu: err %d, reads %lu\n",
+				      host, err, ls64);
+
+	err = __vcpu_set_reg(vcpu, reg, val | FIELD_PREP(ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1_LS64_MASK, host + 1));
+	if (err && errno == EINVAL)
+		ksft_test_result_pass("ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1.LS64=%lu rejected\n", host + 1);
+	else
+		ksft_test_result_fail("ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1.LS64=%lu not rejected\n", host + 1);
+}
+
 static u64 reset_mutable_bits(u32 id, u64 val)
 {
 	struct test_feature_reg *reg = NULL;
@@ -828,7 +872,7 @@ int main(void)
 
 	ksft_print_header();
 
-	test_cnt = 3 + MPAM_IDREG_TEST + MTE_IDREG_TEST;
+	test_cnt = 3 + MPAM_IDREG_TEST + MTE_IDREG_TEST + LS64_IDREG_TEST;
 	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(test_regs); i++)
 		for (j = 0; test_regs[i].ftr_bits[j].type != FTR_END; j++)
 			test_cnt++;
@@ -840,6 +884,7 @@ int main(void)
 	test_vcpu_non_ftr_id_regs(vcpu);
 	test_user_set_mpam_reg(vcpu);
 	test_user_set_mte_reg(vcpu);
+	test_user_set_ls64_reg(vcpu);
 
 	test_guest_reg_read(vcpu);
 
-- 
2.47.3