* [PATCH 0/3] WQ_PERCPU added to alloc_workqueue(), old wqs replaced
@ 2025-10-24 10:19 Marco Crivellari
2025-10-24 10:19 ` [PATCH 1/3] driver core: replace use of system_unbound_wq with system_dfl_wq Marco Crivellari
` (2 more replies)
0 siblings, 3 replies; 4+ messages in thread
From: Marco Crivellari @ 2025-10-24 10:19 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: linux-kernel
Cc: Tejun Heo, Lai Jiangshan, Frederic Weisbecker,
Sebastian Andrzej Siewior, Marco Crivellari, Michal Hocko,
Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J . Wysocki, Danilo Krummrich
Hi,
=== Current situation: problems ===
Let's consider a nohz_full system with isolated CPUs: wq_unbound_cpumask is
set to the housekeeping CPUs, for !WQ_UNBOUND the local CPU is selected.
This leads to different scenarios if a work item is scheduled on an isolated
CPU where "delay" value is 0 or greater then 0:
schedule_delayed_work(, 0);
This will be handled by __queue_work() that will queue the work item on the
current local (isolated) CPU, while:
schedule_delayed_work(, 1);
Will move the timer on an housekeeping CPU, and schedule the work there.
Currently if a user enqueue a work item using schedule_delayed_work() the
used wq is "system_wq" (per-cpu wq) while queue_delayed_work() use
WORK_CPU_UNBOUND (used when a cpu is not specified). The same applies to
schedule_work() that is using system_wq and queue_work(), that makes use
again of WORK_CPU_UNBOUND.
This lack of consistentcy cannot be addressed without refactoring the API.
=== Recent changes to the WQ API ===
The following, address the recent changes in the Workqueue API:
- commit 128ea9f6ccfb ("workqueue: Add system_percpu_wq and system_dfl_wq")
- commit 930c2ea566af ("workqueue: Add new WQ_PERCPU flag")
The old workqueues will be removed in a future release cycle.
=== Introduced Changes by this series ===
1) [P 1-2] Replace uses of system_wq and system_unbound_wq
system_wq is a per-CPU workqueue, but his name is not clear.
system_unbound_wq is to be used when locality is not required.
Because of that, system_wq has been replaced with system_percpu_wq, and
system_unbound_wq has been replaced with system_dfl_wq.
2) [P 3] WQ_PERCPU added where relevant
With the introduction of WQ_PERCPU every alloc_workqueue() caller must
specify one between WQ_PERCPU or WQ_UNBOUND. This change add the
WQ_PERCPU flag to the alloc_workqueue() users that do not specify
WQ_UNBOUND.
Thanks!
Marco Crivellari (3):
driver core: replace use of system_unbound_wq with system_dfl_wq
devcoredump: replace use of system_wq with system_percpu_wq
driver core: WQ_PERCPU added to alloc_workqueue users
drivers/base/core.c | 2 +-
drivers/base/dd.c | 2 +-
drivers/base/devcoredump.c | 2 +-
3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
--
2.51.0
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 4+ messages in thread
* [PATCH 1/3] driver core: replace use of system_unbound_wq with system_dfl_wq
2025-10-24 10:19 [PATCH 0/3] WQ_PERCPU added to alloc_workqueue(), old wqs replaced Marco Crivellari
@ 2025-10-24 10:19 ` Marco Crivellari
2025-10-24 10:19 ` [PATCH 2/3] devcoredump: replace use of system_wq with system_percpu_wq Marco Crivellari
2025-10-24 10:19 ` [PATCH 3/3] driver core: WQ_PERCPU added to alloc_workqueue users Marco Crivellari
2 siblings, 0 replies; 4+ messages in thread
From: Marco Crivellari @ 2025-10-24 10:19 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: linux-kernel
Cc: Tejun Heo, Lai Jiangshan, Frederic Weisbecker,
Sebastian Andrzej Siewior, Marco Crivellari, Michal Hocko,
Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J . Wysocki, Danilo Krummrich
Currently if a user enqueue a work item using schedule_delayed_work() the
used wq is "system_wq" (per-cpu wq) while queue_delayed_work() use
WORK_CPU_UNBOUND (used when a cpu is not specified). The same applies to
schedule_work() that is using system_wq and queue_work(), that makes use
again of WORK_CPU_UNBOUND.
This lack of consistentcy cannot be addressed without refactoring the API.
system_unbound_wq should be the default workqueue so as not to enforce
locality constraints for random work whenever it's not required.
Adding system_dfl_wq to encourage its use when unbound work should be used.
The old system_unbound_wq will be kept for a few release cycles.
Suggested-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Marco Crivellari <marco.crivellari@suse.com>
---
drivers/base/dd.c | 2 +-
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/drivers/base/dd.c b/drivers/base/dd.c
index 13ab98e033ea..4938a132a085 100644
--- a/drivers/base/dd.c
+++ b/drivers/base/dd.c
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ void driver_deferred_probe_trigger(void)
* Kick the re-probe thread. It may already be scheduled, but it is
* safe to kick it again.
*/
- queue_work(system_unbound_wq, &deferred_probe_work);
+ queue_work(system_dfl_wq, &deferred_probe_work);
}
/**
--
2.51.0
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 4+ messages in thread
* [PATCH 2/3] devcoredump: replace use of system_wq with system_percpu_wq
2025-10-24 10:19 [PATCH 0/3] WQ_PERCPU added to alloc_workqueue(), old wqs replaced Marco Crivellari
2025-10-24 10:19 ` [PATCH 1/3] driver core: replace use of system_unbound_wq with system_dfl_wq Marco Crivellari
@ 2025-10-24 10:19 ` Marco Crivellari
2025-10-24 10:19 ` [PATCH 3/3] driver core: WQ_PERCPU added to alloc_workqueue users Marco Crivellari
2 siblings, 0 replies; 4+ messages in thread
From: Marco Crivellari @ 2025-10-24 10:19 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: linux-kernel
Cc: Tejun Heo, Lai Jiangshan, Frederic Weisbecker,
Sebastian Andrzej Siewior, Marco Crivellari, Michal Hocko,
Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J . Wysocki, Danilo Krummrich
Currently if a user enqueue a work item using schedule_delayed_work() the
used wq is "system_wq" (per-cpu wq) while queue_delayed_work() use
WORK_CPU_UNBOUND (used when a cpu is not specified). The same applies to
schedule_work() that is using system_wq and queue_work(), that makes use
again of WORK_CPU_UNBOUND.
This lack of consistentcy cannot be addressed without refactoring the API.
system_wq should be the per-cpu workqueue, yet in this name nothing makes
that clear, so replace system_wq with system_percpu_wq.
The old wq (system_wq) will be kept for a few release cycles.
Suggested-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Marco Crivellari <marco.crivellari@suse.com>
---
drivers/base/devcoredump.c | 2 +-
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/drivers/base/devcoredump.c b/drivers/base/devcoredump.c
index 37faf6156d7c..9596a27d00ce 100644
--- a/drivers/base/devcoredump.c
+++ b/drivers/base/devcoredump.c
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ static ssize_t devcd_data_write(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
mutex_lock(&devcd->mutex);
if (!devcd->delete_work) {
devcd->delete_work = true;
- mod_delayed_work(system_wq, &devcd->del_wk, 0);
+ mod_delayed_work(system_percpu_wq, &devcd->del_wk, 0);
}
mutex_unlock(&devcd->mutex);
--
2.51.0
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 4+ messages in thread
* [PATCH 3/3] driver core: WQ_PERCPU added to alloc_workqueue users
2025-10-24 10:19 [PATCH 0/3] WQ_PERCPU added to alloc_workqueue(), old wqs replaced Marco Crivellari
2025-10-24 10:19 ` [PATCH 1/3] driver core: replace use of system_unbound_wq with system_dfl_wq Marco Crivellari
2025-10-24 10:19 ` [PATCH 2/3] devcoredump: replace use of system_wq with system_percpu_wq Marco Crivellari
@ 2025-10-24 10:19 ` Marco Crivellari
2 siblings, 0 replies; 4+ messages in thread
From: Marco Crivellari @ 2025-10-24 10:19 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: linux-kernel
Cc: Tejun Heo, Lai Jiangshan, Frederic Weisbecker,
Sebastian Andrzej Siewior, Marco Crivellari, Michal Hocko,
Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J . Wysocki, Danilo Krummrich
Currently if a user enqueue a work item using schedule_delayed_work() the
used wq is "system_wq" (per-cpu wq) while queue_delayed_work() use
WORK_CPU_UNBOUND (used when a cpu is not specified). The same applies to
schedule_work() that is using system_wq and queue_work(), that makes use
again of WORK_CPU_UNBOUND.
This lack of consistentcy cannot be addressed without refactoring the API.
alloc_workqueue() treats all queues as per-CPU by default, while unbound
workqueues must opt-in via WQ_UNBOUND.
This default is suboptimal: most workloads benefit from unbound queues,
allowing the scheduler to place worker threads where they’re needed and
reducing noise when CPUs are isolated.
This change adds a new WQ_PERCPU flag to explicitly request alloc_workqueue()
to be per-cpu when WQ_UNBOUND has not been specified.
With the introduction of the WQ_PERCPU flag (equivalent to !WQ_UNBOUND),
any alloc_workqueue() caller that doesn’t explicitly specify WQ_UNBOUND
must now use WQ_PERCPU.
Once migration is complete, WQ_UNBOUND can be removed and unbound will
become the implicit default.
Suggested-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Marco Crivellari <marco.crivellari@suse.com>
---
drivers/base/core.c | 2 +-
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/drivers/base/core.c b/drivers/base/core.c
index 3c533dab8fa5..4dd264207a82 100644
--- a/drivers/base/core.c
+++ b/drivers/base/core.c
@@ -4138,7 +4138,7 @@ int __init devices_init(void)
sysfs_dev_char_kobj = kobject_create_and_add("char", dev_kobj);
if (!sysfs_dev_char_kobj)
goto char_kobj_err;
- device_link_wq = alloc_workqueue("device_link_wq", 0, 0);
+ device_link_wq = alloc_workqueue("device_link_wq", WQ_PERCPU, 0);
if (!device_link_wq)
goto wq_err;
--
2.51.0
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 4+ messages in thread
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2025-10-24 10:19 [PATCH 0/3] WQ_PERCPU added to alloc_workqueue(), old wqs replaced Marco Crivellari
2025-10-24 10:19 ` [PATCH 1/3] driver core: replace use of system_unbound_wq with system_dfl_wq Marco Crivellari
2025-10-24 10:19 ` [PATCH 2/3] devcoredump: replace use of system_wq with system_percpu_wq Marco Crivellari
2025-10-24 10:19 ` [PATCH 3/3] driver core: WQ_PERCPU added to alloc_workqueue users Marco Crivellari
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